scholarly journals Drinking water quality in the alpine pastures of the eastern Tibetan plateau

Rangifer ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Sillanpää ◽  
Riina-Maarit Hulkkonen ◽  
Angela Manderscheid
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Result Analysis ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

The need for water quality research on the Tibetan plateau has arisen after the rangeland was allocated and leased as pasture grounds to individual nomadic families in the 1990s. These policies changed the access to water sources. The imposed fencing of the pasture tenures makes the situation even more delicate. Nomadic families are now obliged to use only water sources existing on their own site. The restrictions have caused the urge to use all available water, which resulted in increasing water quality and quantity problems. In the past, natural water sources were in common use. During the Collective era, machine-dug wells near the collective settlements facilitated the procurement of drinking water. Based on recent investigations in Dzoge county (Sichuan province), the nomadic families of some regions considered the availability of adequate drinking water for humans and animals as their biggest problem. For this study, eight water samples were collected from the Dzoge county area. All samples were from different kinds of sources, but all in continuous use by humans and animals. The samples were analyzed for typical potable water quality factors (hygienic and technique-aesthetic). The results show that the Chinese national guideline values were exceeded for NO4-N and PO4-P in most open sampling locations. Those parameters do not spoil the water by themselves, but together with suspended solids and organic materials produce a great environment for bacteria like E. coli and fecal streptococci to grow. The result analysis and pictures seen from the location reveal that bacterial growth may be the biggest problem in water quality. Even primitive protection around the water source (i.e. concrete rings, wooden barriers around edges, covers) seem to have a great impact on water quality.

scholarly journals Water source quality in Ahenema Kokoben, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadu Salifu ◽  
Helen M. K. Essandoh ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traore ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Test Kit

Abstract Regular monitoring of microbial quality of water used for drinking is an important aspect of public health. Microbiological quality, using a novel microbial water quality test kit – Compartment Bag Test (CBT; AguaGenX, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA), and physical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and electrical conductivity) of 94 different water sources used by communities in the Ahenema Kokoben area of Ghana for drinking were tested. Using the WHO drinking water quality risk categories for the presence of Escherichia coli indicator bacteria, only 56% (53/94) of the water sources were safe for drinking, while 29% (27/94) of the water sources were classified as high risk and unsafe for human purposes. Some of the physical parameters were also higher than guideline values and could have been a contributing factor to poor water quality. Overall, the CBT proved to be a reliable alternative to traditional and laboratory-dependent microbial drinking water quality tests which can be easily used by water authorities to make sure that water is safe to drink.

scholarly journals An assessment of microbiological water quality of six water source categories in north-east Uganda

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Parker ◽  
R. Youlten ◽  
M. Dillon ◽  
T. Nussbaumer ◽  
R. C. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
North East ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality

Target 7C of the Millennium Development Goals is to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation”. However, the corresponding indicator measures the “proportion of population using an improved drinking water source”. This raises the question of whether “safe” and “improved” can be used interchangeably. This paper tests this hypothesis by comparing microbiological water quality in 346 different water sources across the District of Amuria in Uganda to each other and to defined standards, including the WHO drinking water standard of zero TTC per 100 ml, and the Ugandan national standard of 50 TTC per 100 ml. The water sources were grouped into six different categories: boreholes, protected springs, covered hand dug wells, open hand dug wells, open water and roofwater harvesting. The paper concludes that the ranking from the highest to the lowest microbiological quality water was: boreholes, protected springs and roofwater harvesting, open and covered hand dug wells, open water. It also concludes that sanitary surveys cannot be used to predict water quality precisely; however they are an essential component of the monitoring of safe water supplies.

Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thomas ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
H. M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Guideline Values

Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.

scholarly journals KUALITAS AIR BERSIH DAN POTENSI DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Dian Novriadhy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Threshold Limit Value ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT   Muara Enim Regency has plateau and a relatively broad flood plain so that improving the quality of water that has been utilized by the community so far is a realistic solution to meet the needs of clean water. The study aimed to identify the relationship of the physical condition of water sources to chronic diseases suffered by residents and to explore water quality factors that had the potency to influence chronic diseases in the Muara Enim Regency. The research used a descriptive statistical approach and was cross-sectional by utilizing raw data from the 2015 and 2017 Integrated Database completed with water quality testing and literature studies. The variables including the physical condition of the water source, chronic diseases suffered, and water quality parameters. Data were analyzed using proportional difference tests and mapping of causal relationships. The results showed that stroke and rheumatism were chronic diseases that could potentially be caused indirectly by the physical condition of the water source. Clean water samples are known to contain organic materials that are difficult to decompose through microbiological processes, have the iron and H2S content that exceeds the Threshold Limit Value (TLV). The study concluded that deterioration of water sources was one of the main obstacles to supply safe and affordable clean water using the local water sources. Materials that exceed the TLV known had the potency to causing a chronic illness indirectly. Keywords: chronic disease, clean water provision, dissolved organic matter, physical condition of water      sources   ABSTRAK   Kabupaten Muara Enim memiliki dataran tinggi dan dataran banjir yang relatif luas sehingga peningkatan kualitas air yang telah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat selama ini merupakan solusi realistis untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan kondisi fisik sumber air dengan penyakit kronis yang diderita oleh penduduk dan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor kualitas air yang berpotensi mempengaruhi penyakit kronis di Kabupaten Muara Enim. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan statistik deskriptif dan bersifat potong lintang dengan menggunakan data mentah dari Basis Data Terpadu 2015 dan 2017 yang dilengkapi dengan pengujian kualitas air dan studi literatur. Variabel penelitian diantaranya kondisi fisik sumber air, penyakit kronis yang diderita, dan parameter kualitas air. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji perbedaan proporsional dan pemetaan hubungan sebab akibat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stroke dan rematik adalah penyakit kronis yang berpotensi disebabkan secara tidak langsung oleh kondisi fisik sumber air. Sampel air bersih diketahui mengandung bahan organik yang sulit terurai melalui proses mikrobiologis, memiliki kandungan besi dan H2S yang melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB). Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa kerusakan sumber air adalah salah satu kendala utama untuk memasok air bersih yang aman dan terjangkau menggunakan sumber air setempat. Bahan yang melebihi NAB diketahui memiliki potensi menyebabkan penyakit kronis secara tidak langsung. Kata kunci: penyakit kronis, penyediaan air bersih, senyawa organik terlarut, kondisi fisik sumber air

scholarly journals Perceived agricultural runoff impact on drinking water

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Crampton ◽  
Angela T. Ragusa
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Agricultural Contaminants

Agricultural runoff into surface water is a problem in Australia, as it is in arguably all agriculturally active countries. While farm practices and resource management measures are employed to reduce downstream effects, they are often either technically insufficient or practically unsustainable. Therefore, consumers may still be exposed to agrichemicals whenever they turn on the tap. For rural residents surrounded by agriculture, the link between agriculture and water quality is easy to make and thus informed decisions about water consumption are possible. Urban residents, however, are removed from agricultural activity and indeed drinking water sources. Urban and rural residents were interviewed to identify perceptions of agriculture's impact on drinking water. Rural residents thought agriculture could impact their water quality and, in many cases, actively avoided it, often preferring tank to surface water sources. Urban residents generally did not perceive agriculture to pose health risks to their drinking water. Although there are more agricultural contaminants recognised in the latest Australian Drinking Water Guidelines than previously, we argue this is insufficient to enhance consumer protection. Health authorities may better serve the public by improving their proactivity and providing communities and water utilities with the capacity to effectively monitor and address agricultural runoff.

scholarly journals A Systems Analysis Approach to Identifying Critical Success Factors in Drinking Water Source Protection Programs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hew Cameron Merrett ◽  
Wei Tong Chen ◽  
Jao Jia Horng
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Critical Success Factors ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Principle Components Analysis ◽  
Critical Success

The success of source protection in ensuring safe drinking water is centered around being able to understand the hazards present in the catchment then plan and implement control measures to manage water quality risk to levels which can be controlled through downstream barriers. The programs in place to manage source protection are complex sociotechnical systems involving policy, standards, regulators, technology, human factors and so on. This study uses System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to analyze the operational hazards of a typical drinking water source protection (DWSP) program and identify control measures to ensure safe operations. To validate the results a questionnaire was developed and distributed to specialists in DWSP in Taiwan, Australia and Greece. Using Principle Components Analysis (PCA) of the questionnaire responses, the study identified four critical success factors (CSFs) for DWSP. The four factors identified are ‘Policy and Government Agency Support of Source Protection’, ‘Catchment Risk Monitoring and Information’, ‘Support of Operational Field Activities’ and ‘Response to Water Quality Threats’. The results of this study provide insight into the approach of grouping of source protection measures to identify a series of targeted CSF for operational source protection programs. Using CSF can aide catchment management agencies in ensuring that the risk level in the catchment is managed effectively and that threats to public health from drinking water are managed appropriately.

scholarly journals Self-Supply Service Level Assessment as Drinking Water Source in Bekasi City (Case Study: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Villages)

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Aprilia Harera ◽  
Gita Lestari Putri ◽  
Tim Foster
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Monthly Survey

Drinking water sources derived from groundwater using selfsupply approaches are widely used in Bekasi City because only 26.8% of households are connected to the piped distribution. These self-supplied water systems can be assessed to determine how people choose a better drinking source. Therefore, this study aims to assess the service level attributes of self-supply, including accessibility, availability, and quality. A longitudinal monitoring method by means of a monthly survey to respondents was used to mens perceptions of taste, smell, color, availability, and safety. The results on both household and citywide scale showed boreholes were perceived to deliver a high service level. On the household scale, 93% of boreholes user got ‘high’ score for water service assessment, while dug wells were only 76%. During the 8 months survey, it was shown that 45% of respondents change their main source of drinking water from self-supply to other source for several reasons. Therefore, this study is expected to provide an overview related to the resilience of selfsupply drinking water for a certain period.

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