scholarly journals Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) response to feces and urine from sheep (Ovis aries) and reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein R. Moe ◽  
Øystein Holand ◽  
Jonathan E. Colman ◽  
Eigil Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Habituation Trial ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Aversive Response ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
And Control

<p>In many Norwegian alpine and tundra areas sheep and reindeer graze sympatrically. Areas covered with dung or urine may have consequences for reindeer pasture utilization. Experiments were conducted on 5 stall fed male reindeer calves where animals were individually presenred with two troughs (experimental and control) containing 200 g of concentrate. Fresh and dry sheep and reindeer pellets (50 g wet weight) were mixed with the concentrate in the experimental trough and the aversive response was tested against the control. Both fresh sheep (P &lt; 0.0001) and reindeer (P &lt; 0.0001) pellets were associated with aversive response by reindeer. A similar response was found for dry sheep (P = 0.006) and dry reindeer (P = 0.0009) pellets. Similar trials were conducted using sheep and reindeer urine (20 g sprayed evenly on the food) and the aversive response by reindeer was tested against the control (sprayed with 20 g of water). Both sheep and reindeer urine stimulated an aversive response by reindeer {P = 0.03 for both tests). The differences in the aversive response of reindeer ro fresh sheep and reindeer pellets, dry sheep and reindeer pellets and sheep and reindeer urine were also tested. No differences by reindeer were found between sheep and reindeer pellets, either for fresh (P = 0.28) or dry (P = 0.07), or between food treated with sheep and reindeer urine (P = 0.28). Possible habituation to sheep and reindeer pellets was tested using 8 consecutive trials with dry pellets, followed by 2 additional trials when dry pellets were soaked in water. This was done to simulate natural dry periods followed by rain showers. Habituation effects were found in trials with dry sheep and reindeer pellets. Subsequent trials with fecal pellets soaked in water significantly reduced food intake when compared with the last habituation trial with dry pellets (P &lt; 0.05).</p>

scholarly journals Mealtime Environment and Control of Food Intake in Healthy Children and in Children with Gastrointestinal Diseases

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Katerina Sdravou ◽  
Elpida Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki ◽  
Athanasia Printza ◽  
Elias Andreoulakis ◽  
Athanasios Evangeliou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Child Autonomy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mealtime Environment

Parental feeding practices and mealtime routine significantly influence a child’s eating behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the mealtime environment in healthy children and children with gastrointestinal diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional case–control study among 787 healthy, typically developing children and 141 children with gastrointestinal diseases, aged two to seven years. Parents were asked to provide data on demographics and describe their mealtime environment by answering to 24 closed-ended questions. It was found that the majority of the children had the same number of meals every day and at the same hour. Parents of both groups exerted considerable control on the child’s food intake by deciding both when and what their child eats. Almost one third of the parents also decided how much their child eats. The two groups differed significantly in nine of the 24 questions. The study showed that both groups provided structured and consistent mealtime environments. However, a significant proportion of children did not control how much they eat which might impede their ability to self-regulate eating. The presence of a gastrointestinal disease was found to be associated with reduced child autonomy, hampered hunger cues and frequent use of distractions during meals.

scholarly journals Metagenomic analysis of the cow, sheep, reindeer and red deer rumen

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Glendinning ◽  
Buğra Genç ◽  
R. John Wallace ◽  
Mick Watson
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Reference Dataset ◽  
Microbial Genomes ◽  
Ruminant Species

AbstractThe rumen microbiota comprises a community of microorganisms which specialise in the degradation of complex carbohydrates from plant-based feed. These microbes play a highly important role in ruminant nutrition and could also act as sources of industrially useful enzymes. In this study, we performed a metagenomic analysis of samples taken from the ruminal contents of cow (Bos Taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). We constructed 391 metagenome-assembled genomes originating from 16 microbial phyla. We compared our genomes to other publically available microbial genomes and found that they contained 279 novel species. We also found significant differences between the microbiota of different ruminant species in terms of the abundance of microbial taxonomies, carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and KEGG orthologs. We present a dataset of rumen-derived genomes which in combination with other publicly-available rumen genomes can be used as a reference dataset in future metagenomic studies.

Protein appetite is increased after central leptin-induced fat depletion

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1468-R1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Wiater ◽  
Bryan D. Hudson ◽  
Yvette Virgin ◽  
Sue Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Nadir Point ◽  
And Control

Leptin reduces body fat selectively, sparing body protein. Accordingly, during chronic leptin administration, food intake is suppressed, and body weight is reduced until body fat is depleted. Body weight then stabilizes at this fat-depleted nadir, while food intake returns to normal caloric levels, presumably in defense of energy and nutritional homeostasis. This model of leptin treatment offers the opportunity to examine controls of food intake that are independent of leptin's actions, and provides a window for examining the nature of feeding controls in a “fatless” animal. Here we evaluate macronutrient selection during this fat-depleted phase of leptin treatment. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on standard pelleted rodent chow and given daily lateral ventricular injections of leptin or vehicle solution until body weight reached the nadir point and food intake returned to normal levels. Injections were then continued for 8 days, during which rats self-selected their daily diet from separate sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Macronutrient choice differed profoundly in leptin and control rats. Leptin rats exhibited a dramatic increase in protein intake, whereas controls exhibited a strong carbohydrate preference. Fat intake did not differ between groups at any time during the 8-day test. Despite these dramatic differences in macronutrient selection, total daily caloric intake did not differ between groups except on day 2. Thus controls of food intake related to ongoing metabolic and nutritional requirements may supersede the negative feedback signals related to body fat stores.

scholarly journals The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annick Alleleyn ◽  
Mark van Avesaat ◽  
Dina Ripken ◽  
Sinéad Bleiel ◽  
Daniel Keszthelyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Active Product ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
And Control

Activation of the intestinal brake by infusing nutrients into the distal small intestine with catheters inhibits food intake and enhances satiety. Encapsulation of macronutrients, which protects against digestion in the proximal gastrointestinal tract, can be a non-invasive alternative to activate this brake. In this study, we investigate the effect of oral ingestion of an encapsulated casein and sucrose mixture (active) targeting the distal small intestine versus a control product designed to be released in the stomach on food intake, satiety, and plasma glucose concentrations. Fifty-nine volunteers received the active and control product on two separate test days. Food intake was determined during an ad libitum meal 90 min after ingestion of the test product. Visual analogue scale scores for satiety and blood samples for glucose analysis were collected at regular intervals. Ingestion of the active product decreased food intake compared to the control product (655 kcal compared with 699 kcal, respectively, p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for hunger was decreased (p < 0.05) and AUC for satiety was increased (p < 0.01) after ingestion of the active product compared to the control product. Ingestion of an encapsulated protein-carbohydrate mixture resulted in inhibition of food intake compared to a non-encapsulated control product.

Metabolic influences on satiety in rats receiving parenteral nutrition

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. R381-R386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Beverly ◽  
M. M. Meguid ◽  
Z. J. Yang ◽  
M. X. Yue ◽  
B. L. Fetterman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
And Control

Food intake is reduced during parenteral nutrition (PN) proportionally to the amount of calories or composition of the solution infused. The relative importance of infused glucose and lipid, 50 and 30% of PN kilocalories, respectively, in reducing food intake during PN was examined. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, or both were acutely disrupted with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA). Rats receiving intravenous infusions of saline or a PN solution providing 100% of total daily calories (PN-100) received a single intraperitoneal injection of saline, 2-DG, and/or MA during the early light phase. 2-DG (1.4 or 2.2 mmol/kg) did not initiate feeding in PN-100 rats, although hyperglycemia was evident in all rats 1 h after 2-DG. Food intake of PN-100 rats after MA (0.4 mmol/kg) was approximately 50% that of control rats. When 2-DG (1.4 mmol/kg) and MA (0.4 mmol/kg) were administered concomitantly, PN-100 and control rats consumed the same amount of food. During PN-100, rats appeared to be more sensitive to losing metabolic energy derived from lipid than from glucose.

Intestinal motility during acute Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis in rabbits

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Scott ◽  
D. G. Gall ◽  
S. C. Diamant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Motility Index ◽  
And Control

To determine if Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) enteritis is associated with an alteration of intestinal myoelectric and motor activity, and with an increased rate of aboral transit, New Zealand white rabbits (500–900 g) were surgically prepared with ileal bipolar electrodes and a manometry catheter adjacent to the distal electrode. One week later animals were inoculated with 1010 organisms of YE in 10 mL NaHCO3 (infected group) or 10 mL NaHCO3 (sham-infected pair-fed and control groups). Daily food intake, weight gain, YE excretion, and stool pattern were noted. Intestinal myoelectric and motor activity over a 6- to 8- h period before and 3, 6, and 14 days after inoculation was compared in infected (I), pair-fed (PF), and control (C) groups. Intestinal transit was evaluated in I and C animals on days 3 and 6 after inoculation by measuring the distribution in the intestinal lumen of 51Cr 20 min after it was instilled directly into the jejunum. Infected animals exhibited diarrhea, fecal excretion of YE, and significantly decreased food intake, weight gain, and survival (11.4 ± 0.6 days). Infection was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in both the cycle period of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and the total number of single, paired, and (or) clustered contractions per MMC, and a significant (p < 0.001) increase in duration of phase III of the MMC. There was no change in intestinal slow wave frequency (19 cycles/min), motility index per MMC, or the percentage of contractions that propagated in an orad (7%) or aboral (69%) direction or that appeared stationary (25%). The changes in myoelectric and motor activity were specific for YE infection (not related to decreased food intake and weight gain) and were associated with a significantly increased rate of aboral transit. Thus, the inflammatory enteritis induced by YE is associated with alterations of intestinal myoelectric and motor activity, and an increased rate of aboral transit.Key words: Yersinia enterocolitica, infection, intestine, motility, transit.

scholarly journals Digestion of timothy silage and hay in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
R. Moen ◽  
M. A. Olsen ◽  
Ø. E. Haga ◽  
W. Sørmo ◽  
T. H. Aagnes Utsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Leafy timothy (Phleum pratense) silage (S), silage mixed with molasses (SM) and hay (H) were fed to nine male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves in winter to investigate rumen function and digestion. Three calves were given S with 18.5% dry matter (DM), three were given SM (21.9% DM) and three were given H (85.0% DM). The content of water soluble carbohydrates (in % of DM) was 8.2% in S, 16.0% in SM and 8.5% in H. Median (range) daily DM food intake per kg BM was 12.9 (9-2-14.4) g in calves fed S, 19.0 (19-0-21.9) g in calves fed SM and 21.0 (19.2&not;21.1) g in calves fed H. In vivo digestion of S and SM DM ranged from 78.5-83.1% compared to only 69-9-72.9% in calves fed H. In vitro DM digestion (IVDMD) of cellulose (median) incubated for 48 hours in rumen fluid was, however, significantly (F = 0.05) lower in calves fed S (24.4%) compared to calves fed SM (42.2%). Median IVDMD of cellulose (48 hours) in calves fed H was 36.4%. Total concentration of VFA (range) in the rumen fluid from reindeer fed H (99.7-113.6 mM) and was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher compared to animals fed S (57.7-85.9 mM) or SM (51.4-72.0 mM). Likewise, the pH of the rumen fluid (range) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in reindeer fed H (6.40-6.78) compared to animals fed S (6.97-7.30) or SM (6.79-7.27). Based on this study it is concluded that leafy timothy preserved as hay seems to be more suitable as emergency feed compared to silage. Supplementation of molasses to silage seems to stimulate food intake and ruminal cellulose digestion in reindeer. The lower intake of S compared to SM or H by reindeer may be explained by ruminal energy deficiency.

scholarly journals Neuropeptides and Control of Food Intake

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Paolo de Girolamo ◽  
Carlos Dieguez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
And Control

Anomalous Behavior of Merchant Ship Steering Systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Taggart
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Steering Control ◽  
Unstable Condition ◽  
Ship Steering ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
Automatic Steering ◽  
And Control

An unusual combination of circumstances occurring during an Atlantic crossing of a highspeed containership created a situation where the rudder, acting in response to automatic steering control demands, caused excessive ship rolling. Further investigation revealed the existence of an unstable condition due to a combination of asymmetrical hydrodynamic and mechanical characteristics and the interrelationship of ship motion and control actuation. Similar response has been noted on other high-speed vessels and is a cause for major concern in future containership operations. The elements involved in creating these conditions have been examined in detail and a plausible explanation has been evolved as to how they can combine to produce the observed results. With an understanding of the causes of this anomalous behavior it is possible to devise means for preventing its occurrence in future designs.

N6-methyladenosine modification modulate in the heat stress of sheep (Ovis aries)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengkui Lu ◽  
Huihua Wang ◽  
Youji Ma ◽  
Mingxing Chu ◽  
Kai Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Stop Codons ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Mrna Methylation ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Intensive and large-scale development of the sheep industry and increases in global temperature are increasingly exposing sheep to heat stress. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methylation varies in response to stress, and can link external stress with complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. However, no m6A mRNA methylation map has been obtained for sheep, nor is it known what effect this has on regulating heat stress in sheep. Results: A total of 8,306 and 12,958 m6A peaks were detected in heat stress and control groups, respectively, with 2,697 and 5,494 genes associated with each. Peaks were mainly enriched in coding regions and near stop codons with classical RRACH motifs. Methylation levels of heat stress and control sheep were higher near stop codons, although methylation was significantly lower in heat stress sheep. GO revealed that differential m6A-containing genes were mainly enriched in the nucleus and were involved in several stress responses and substance metabolism processes. KEGG pathway analysis found that differential m6A-containing genes were significantly enriched in Rap1, FoxO, MAPK, and other signaling pathways of the stress response, and TGF-beta, AMPK, Wnt, and other signaling pathways involved in fat metabolism. These m6A-modified genes were moderately expressed in both heat stress and control sheep, and the enrichment of m6A modification was significantly negatively correlated with gene expression. Conclusions: Our results showed that m6A mRNA methylation modifications regulate heat stress in sheep, and it also provided a new way for the study of animal response to heat stress.

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