scholarly journals Neuropeptides and Control of Food Intake

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Paolo de Girolamo ◽  
Carlos Dieguez
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Mealtime Environment and Control of Food Intake in Healthy Children and in Children with Gastrointestinal Diseases

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Katerina Sdravou ◽  
Elpida Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki ◽  
Athanasia Printza ◽  
Elias Andreoulakis ◽  
Athanasios Evangeliou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Child Autonomy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mealtime Environment

Parental feeding practices and mealtime routine significantly influence a child’s eating behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the mealtime environment in healthy children and children with gastrointestinal diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional case–control study among 787 healthy, typically developing children and 141 children with gastrointestinal diseases, aged two to seven years. Parents were asked to provide data on demographics and describe their mealtime environment by answering to 24 closed-ended questions. It was found that the majority of the children had the same number of meals every day and at the same hour. Parents of both groups exerted considerable control on the child’s food intake by deciding both when and what their child eats. Almost one third of the parents also decided how much their child eats. The two groups differed significantly in nine of the 24 questions. The study showed that both groups provided structured and consistent mealtime environments. However, a significant proportion of children did not control how much they eat which might impede their ability to self-regulate eating. The presence of a gastrointestinal disease was found to be associated with reduced child autonomy, hampered hunger cues and frequent use of distractions during meals.

Protein appetite is increased after central leptin-induced fat depletion

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1468-R1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Wiater ◽  
Bryan D. Hudson ◽  
Yvette Virgin ◽  
Sue Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Nadir Point ◽  
And Control

Leptin reduces body fat selectively, sparing body protein. Accordingly, during chronic leptin administration, food intake is suppressed, and body weight is reduced until body fat is depleted. Body weight then stabilizes at this fat-depleted nadir, while food intake returns to normal caloric levels, presumably in defense of energy and nutritional homeostasis. This model of leptin treatment offers the opportunity to examine controls of food intake that are independent of leptin's actions, and provides a window for examining the nature of feeding controls in a “fatless” animal. Here we evaluate macronutrient selection during this fat-depleted phase of leptin treatment. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on standard pelleted rodent chow and given daily lateral ventricular injections of leptin or vehicle solution until body weight reached the nadir point and food intake returned to normal levels. Injections were then continued for 8 days, during which rats self-selected their daily diet from separate sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Macronutrient choice differed profoundly in leptin and control rats. Leptin rats exhibited a dramatic increase in protein intake, whereas controls exhibited a strong carbohydrate preference. Fat intake did not differ between groups at any time during the 8-day test. Despite these dramatic differences in macronutrient selection, total daily caloric intake did not differ between groups except on day 2. Thus controls of food intake related to ongoing metabolic and nutritional requirements may supersede the negative feedback signals related to body fat stores.

scholarly journals The Effect of an Encapsulated Nutrient Mixture on Food Intake and Satiety: A Double-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Proof of Concept Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annick Alleleyn ◽  
Mark van Avesaat ◽  
Dina Ripken ◽  
Sinéad Bleiel ◽  
Daniel Keszthelyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Active Product ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
And Control

Activation of the intestinal brake by infusing nutrients into the distal small intestine with catheters inhibits food intake and enhances satiety. Encapsulation of macronutrients, which protects against digestion in the proximal gastrointestinal tract, can be a non-invasive alternative to activate this brake. In this study, we investigate the effect of oral ingestion of an encapsulated casein and sucrose mixture (active) targeting the distal small intestine versus a control product designed to be released in the stomach on food intake, satiety, and plasma glucose concentrations. Fifty-nine volunteers received the active and control product on two separate test days. Food intake was determined during an ad libitum meal 90 min after ingestion of the test product. Visual analogue scale scores for satiety and blood samples for glucose analysis were collected at regular intervals. Ingestion of the active product decreased food intake compared to the control product (655 kcal compared with 699 kcal, respectively, p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for hunger was decreased (p < 0.05) and AUC for satiety was increased (p < 0.01) after ingestion of the active product compared to the control product. Ingestion of an encapsulated protein-carbohydrate mixture resulted in inhibition of food intake compared to a non-encapsulated control product.

Metabolic influences on satiety in rats receiving parenteral nutrition

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. R381-R386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Beverly ◽  
M. M. Meguid ◽  
Z. J. Yang ◽  
M. X. Yue ◽  
B. L. Fetterman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
And Control

Food intake is reduced during parenteral nutrition (PN) proportionally to the amount of calories or composition of the solution infused. The relative importance of infused glucose and lipid, 50 and 30% of PN kilocalories, respectively, in reducing food intake during PN was examined. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, or both were acutely disrupted with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA). Rats receiving intravenous infusions of saline or a PN solution providing 100% of total daily calories (PN-100) received a single intraperitoneal injection of saline, 2-DG, and/or MA during the early light phase. 2-DG (1.4 or 2.2 mmol/kg) did not initiate feeding in PN-100 rats, although hyperglycemia was evident in all rats 1 h after 2-DG. Food intake of PN-100 rats after MA (0.4 mmol/kg) was approximately 50% that of control rats. When 2-DG (1.4 mmol/kg) and MA (0.4 mmol/kg) were administered concomitantly, PN-100 and control rats consumed the same amount of food. During PN-100, rats appeared to be more sensitive to losing metabolic energy derived from lipid than from glucose.

Intestinal motility during acute Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis in rabbits

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Scott ◽  
D. G. Gall ◽  
S. C. Diamant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Motility Index ◽  
And Control

To determine if Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) enteritis is associated with an alteration of intestinal myoelectric and motor activity, and with an increased rate of aboral transit, New Zealand white rabbits (500–900 g) were surgically prepared with ileal bipolar electrodes and a manometry catheter adjacent to the distal electrode. One week later animals were inoculated with 1010 organisms of YE in 10 mL NaHCO3 (infected group) or 10 mL NaHCO3 (sham-infected pair-fed and control groups). Daily food intake, weight gain, YE excretion, and stool pattern were noted. Intestinal myoelectric and motor activity over a 6- to 8- h period before and 3, 6, and 14 days after inoculation was compared in infected (I), pair-fed (PF), and control (C) groups. Intestinal transit was evaluated in I and C animals on days 3 and 6 after inoculation by measuring the distribution in the intestinal lumen of 51Cr 20 min after it was instilled directly into the jejunum. Infected animals exhibited diarrhea, fecal excretion of YE, and significantly decreased food intake, weight gain, and survival (11.4 ± 0.6 days). Infection was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in both the cycle period of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and the total number of single, paired, and (or) clustered contractions per MMC, and a significant (p < 0.001) increase in duration of phase III of the MMC. There was no change in intestinal slow wave frequency (19 cycles/min), motility index per MMC, or the percentage of contractions that propagated in an orad (7%) or aboral (69%) direction or that appeared stationary (25%). The changes in myoelectric and motor activity were specific for YE infection (not related to decreased food intake and weight gain) and were associated with a significantly increased rate of aboral transit. Thus, the inflammatory enteritis induced by YE is associated with alterations of intestinal myoelectric and motor activity, and an increased rate of aboral transit.Key words: Yersinia enterocolitica, infection, intestine, motility, transit.

scholarly journals Role of SOCS3 in POMC neurons in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (4) ◽  
pp. R338-R351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Jussara M. do Carmo ◽  
Alexandre A. da Silva ◽  
Kandice C. Bailey ◽  
Nicola Aberdein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
And Control

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a negative regulator of leptin signaling. We previously showed that the chronic effects of leptin on blood pressure (BP) and glucose regulation are mediated by stimulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. In this study we examined the importance of endogenous SOCS3 in POMC neurons in control of metabolic and cardiovascular function and potential sex differences. Male and female SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre mice in which SOCS3 was selectively deleted in POMC neurons and control SOCS3flox/flox mice were studied during a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and during chronic leptin infusion. Body weight was lower in male and female SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre than control mice fed the CD, despite similar food intake. Male SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre mice exhibited increased energy expenditure. BP and heart rate were similar in male and female SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre and control mice fed the CD. HFD-fed male and female SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre mice showed attenuated weight gain. HFD-induced elevations in baseline BP and BP responses to an air-jet stress test were greater in female SOCS3flox/flox/POMC-Cre than control mice. Chronic leptin infusion produced similar responses for food intake, body weight, oxygen consumption, blood glucose, BP, and heart rate in all groups. Thus SOCS3 deficiency in POMC neurons influences body weight regulation in the setting of CD and HFD and differentially affects BP and energy balance in a sex-specific manner but does not amplify the dietary, glycemic, or cardiovascular effects of leptin.

scholarly journals The common hepatic branch of the vagus is not required to mediate the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. R1479-R1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Hayes ◽  
Scott E. Kanoski ◽  
Bart C. De Jonghe ◽  
Theresa M. Leichner ◽  
Amber L. Alhadeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hepatic Branch

The incretin and food intake suppressive effects of intraperitoneally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) involve activation of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) expressed on vagal afferent fiber terminals. Central nervous system processing of GLP-1R-driven vagal afferents results in satiation signaling and enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic-projecting vagal efferents. As the vast majority of endogenous GLP-1 is released from intestinal l-cells following ingestion, it stands to reason that paracrine GLP-1 signaling, activating adjacent GLP-1R expressed on vagal afferent fibers of gastrointestinal origin, contributes to glycemic and food intake control. However, systemic GLP-1R-mediated control of glycemia is currently attributed to endocrine action involving GLP-1R expressed in the hepatoportal bed on terminals of the common hepatic branch of the vagus (CHB). Here, we examine the hypothesis that activation of GLP-1R expressed on the CHB is not required for GLP-1's glycemic and intake suppressive effects, but rather paracrine signaling on non-CHB vagal afferents is required to mediate GLP-1's effects. Selective CHB ablation (CHBX), complete subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA), and surgical control rats received an oral glucose tolerance test (2.0 g glucose/kg) 10 min after an intraperitoneal injection of the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin-(9–39) (Ex-9; 0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle. CHBX and control rats showed comparable increases in blood glucose following blockade of GLP-1R by Ex-9, whereas SDA rats failed to show a GLP-1R-mediated incretin response. Furthermore, GLP-1(7–36) (0.5 mg/kg ip) produced a comparable suppression of 1-h 25% glucose intake in both CHBX and control rats, whereas intake suppression in SDA rats was blunted. These findings support the hypothesis that systemic GLP-1R mediation of glycemic control and food intake suppression involves paracrine-like signaling on GLP-1R expressed on vagal afferent fibers of gastrointestinal origin but does not require the CHB.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide during Lactation: Effects on Hypothalamic Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor and Food Intake in Adult Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Aguirre ◽  
Valeska Castillo ◽  
Miguel Llanos
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Binding Ability ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
And Control ◽  
Old Mice

We have previously shown that administration of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) during lactation leads to overweight, increased body fat accumulation, and insulin resistance in adult mice. This study was designed to elucidate if these effects are due to increased food intake, stimulated by an augmented abundance and binding ability of the hypothalamic cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). With this aim, male mice pups were treated with a daily oral dose of AEA during lactation. Adult mice were also treated with a single oral dose of AEA, to evaluate acute food intake during 4 h. At 21 and 160 days, CB1R protein abundance was calculated by western blot analysis. Capacity of hypothalamic membranes to specifically bind the radioligand3[H]-CP55.940 was also measured. Western blots showed a 72% increase in CB1R abundance in AEA-treated 21-day-old mice, without differences in adult mice. Additionally, specific binding of3[H]-CP55.940 to hypothalamic membranes from adult mice was significantly lower in those mice treated with AEA during lactation. Moreover, AEA did not stimulate acute food intake in both, AEA-treated and control mice. Results suggest that metabolic alterations found in adult mice because of AEA treatment during lactation are not associated with hypothalamic CB1R.

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