scholarly journals Influence of timing of endectocidic antiparasitic treatment on its efficacy in overwintering reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Oksanen
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Group ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Cephenemyia Trompe ◽  
Antiparasitic Treatment ◽  
Hypoderma Tarandi

To find out if timing of endectocidic antiparasitic treatment is critical for its efficacy in overwintering reindeer, 72 hinds of the Kaamanen Experimental Reindeer Herd were randomly allocated to four groups. Three groups received ivermecrin mixture orally once at a dose of 200 pg/kg, either in September, December, or February, and one group was left untreated. Antiparasitic efficacy was evaluated by counting Hypoderma tarandi and Cephenemyia trompe larvae in April, and by faecal examinanon for trichostrongylid nematode eggs in March and April. Production efficacy consequences were assessed by comparing animal weight development from November to April, and calf birth weights. No difference could be seen in the antiparasitic efficacy of the treatments; all were 100 % efficient against H. tarandi larvae (warbles) and C. trompe larvae (throat bors), and reduced the trichostrongylid egg output by 62 to 74%. Weight gains of the groups were not significantly different, however the calf birrh weights differed nearly significantly (P = 0.057). On average, smallest calves were produced by the untreated group.

A study of subclinical worm infestation in sheep: Part II. The ‘tolerance’ level of infestation

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. W. Spedding ◽  
T. H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Different Levels

1. The live-weight gain of lambs initially infected at five different levels was compared with that of similar but worm-free animals, under conditions of set-stocking at a high rate per acre.2. Over a period of 9 months the worm-free controls gained 67·7% more weight than the total infected group, but the live-weight gains of the five levels did not appear to be related to their original infection or to their egg counts.3. Although a few nematode eggs were detected in the faeces of some control lambs, reinfection was negligible under the conditions of this experiment.4. It was concluded that a marked depression of productivity may be associated with an egg count as low as 114 e.p.g. in sheep 4–7 months of age.

scholarly journals Defence behaviour of reindeer in response to flying parasitic Diptera

Rangifer ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Karter ◽  
Ivar Folstad
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Attack Angle ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Defence Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cephenemyia Trompe ◽  
Hypoderma Tarandi

<p>Similar defence behaviours were exhibited by a reindeer when experimentally exposed to three different species of tethered, flying parasitic Diptera, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer), Hypoderma tarandi (L) and Tabanid. Defencive behavioural responses appeared to be related to attack angle, and were not elicited by auditory stimuli. These observations raise questions about the validity of parasite species-specific defence responses in reindeer.</p><p>Forsvars-adferd hos rein angrepet av flyvende, parasittiske diptera.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Likeartet forsvars-adferd ble utvist av en rein som ble eksperimentelt utsatt for tre forskjellige arter av bundne, flyvende parasittiske diptera, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer), Hypoderma tarandi (L) og Tabanid. Den forsvarsmessige adferd syntes &aring; ha sammenheng med parasittenes angreps-vinkel og ble ikke utl&oslash;st av lydstimuli. Disse observasjoner reiser sp&oslash;rsm&aring;l om gyldigheten av parasitt&aelig;re artsspesifikke forsvarsreaksjoner hos rein.</p><p>Poron puolustusk&agrave;ytt&agrave;ytyminen lent&agrave;vi&agrave; kaksisiipisi&agrave; (Diptera) hy&ocirc;nteisi&agrave; vastaan.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poro k&agrave;ytt&agrave;ytyi samalla tavalla kun se joutui tekemisiin kolmen kiinniolevan lent&agrave;v&acirc;n kaksisiipisen hy&ocirc;nteisen: saulakan {Cephenemyia trompe Modeer), kurumupaarman {Hypoderma tarandi L) ja parman kanssa. Puolustusk&agrave;ytt&agrave;ytyminen riippui hy&ocirc;nteisen l&agrave;hestymiskulv&agrave;t kysymyksi&agrave; lajispesifisen puolustusk&agrave;ytt&agrave;ytymisen esiintymisest&agrave; proolla hy&ocirc;nteisi&agrave; vastaan.</p>

Flight capacity of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi (L.), and the reindeer nose bot fly, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (Diptera: Oestridae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1228-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne C. Nilssen ◽  
John R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Flight Behaviour ◽  
Flight Mill ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Cephenemyia Trompe ◽  
Hypoderma Tarandi

The performance of tethered flies on a laboratory flight mill was used to assess the flight capacity of Hypoderma tarandi (L.) and Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer). Maximum total flying times for H. tarandi females were 31.5 h, but most flies flew < 20 h (mean 8.5 h (SD 7.2 h)). The longest continuous flight was 12 h. For both species, mating greatly altered the flight behaviour of females. Unmated laboratory-reared females were reluctant to fly, and flew less continuously than mated wild-caught flies. Hypoderma tarandi males typically flew for short periods of a few minutes with long rests between flights. Cephenemyia trompe females seldom exceeded 10 h of total flying time (mean 4.9 h (SD 3.2 h), maximum 10.8 h), but were capable of many hours of sustained flight. Field-trapped C. trompe males normally flew < 8 h (mean 2.8 h (SD 2.1 h), maximum 7.1 h). In free flight the speed of C. trompe males was ≈8 m/s. Maximum flight distances during the lifetime of a fly were estimated to be 600–900 km for female H. tarandi, 220–330 km for female C. trompe, and 200–400 km for males of both species. Hypoderma tarandi could maximally reduce its mass to about 40% of initial mass, and the mass loss rate during flight was 3.5-fold that of basal metabolism (i.e., without flying) at 22 °C. The adaptive significance of the extraordinary capacity for sustained flight of female oestrids is related to the migratory behaviour of their vertebrate host, Rangifer tarandus (L.).

Effect of repeated anthelmintic treatment on weight gain in Hereford and Brahman crossbred cattle in south-eastern Queensland

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
R Winks ◽  
MA Burns ◽  
DA Berrie ◽  
IJ East ◽  
JG Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

Hereford and Brahman crossbred steers were treated with the injectable anthelmintic, levamisole, at either 3-, 6- or 12-week intervals for 8 months after weaning. Throughout the studies, the different treatment groups were maintained on separate pastures with the exception of 1 group in which half of the animals were treated 3-weekly and the others were untreated. A further untreated group was grazed separately. The trial was repeated with different groups of weaners in 3 successive years. The major gastrointestinal nematodes infecting the cattle were Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Cooperia pectinata and Cooperia punctata. The Hereford weaners treated every 3 or 6 weeks showed significantly greater weight gains than untreated steers, but those treated every 12 weeks did not. In 2 of the 3 years. Brahman-cross weaners showed a significant increase in weight gain with the 3-week schedule but not with the 6- and 12-week schedules. Twelve months after treatment ended, the final liveweights of the treated groups did not differ significantly from those of the control groups for either Hereford or Brahman crossbred cattle.

scholarly journals Variation in the intensity and prevalence of macroparasites in migratory caribou: a quasi-circumpolar study

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice-Anne Simard ◽  
Susan Kutz ◽  
Julie Ducrocq ◽  
Kimberlee Beckmen ◽  
Vincent Brodeur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
Cephenemyia Trompe ◽  
Hypoderma Tarandi

Comparative studies across time and geographical regions are useful to improve our understanding of the health of wildlife populations. Our goal was to study parasitism in migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) of North America and Greenland. A total of 1507 caribou were sampled across 12 herds to assess seven of their main helminth and arthropod macroparasites between 1978 and 2010. We sought to determine which factors such as sex, age class, herd size, and season best explained the prevalence and intensity of those parasites. Intensity of warble fly (Hypoderma tarandi (L., 1758)) larvae increased with age for males, whereas the opposite was observed in females. Prevalence of giant liver flukes (Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917), tapeworm Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766, and nose bot fly (Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer, 1786)) larvae was higher in adults than in calves. Prevalence of F. magna and T. hydatigena was higher at high herd size than at lower herd size. Greenland herds had the lowest prevalence of T. hydatigena and of the tapeworm Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879, a higher intensity of H. tarandi, and a higher prevalence of C. trompe than the other herds. Of the herds from Quebec and Labrador, the Rivière-George herd had a higher prevalence of F. magna than the Rivière-aux-Feuilles herd. Our research provides the first comparative survey of these parasites of caribou across a broad spatial–temporal range.

scholarly journals Failure of two consecutive annual treatments with ivermectin to eradicate the reindeer parasites (Hypoderma tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe and Linguatula arctica) from an island in northern Norway

Rangifer ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne C. Nilssen ◽  
Willy Hemmingsen ◽  
Rolf E. Haugerud
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Northern Fennoscandia ◽  
Warm Summer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cephenemyia Trompe ◽  
Hypoderma Tarandi

The highly efficient endectocide ivermectin is used to reduce the burden of parasites in many semidomestic reindeer herds in northern Fennoscandia. In the autumn of 1995 and 1996 all reindeer on the island of Silda (42 km2) were treated with ivermectin in an attempt to eradicate the warble fly (Hypoderma (=Oedemagena) tarandi (L.)), the nose bot fly (Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer)) (Diptera: Oestridae) and the sinus worm (Linguatula arctica Riley, Haugerud and Nilssen) (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae). Silda is situated 2-3 km off the mainland of Finnmark, northern Norway, and supports about 475 reindeer in summer. A year after the first treatment, the mean abundance of H. tarandi was reduced from 3.5 to 0.6, but a year after the second treatment the mean abundance unexpectedly had increased to 4.5. After one year without treatment, the mean abundance and prevalence of the three target parasites were at the same level, or higher, than pre-treatment levels. The main hypothesis for the failure to eliminate the parasites is that gravid H. tarandi and C. trompe females originating from untreated reindeer in adjacent mainland areas dispersed to the island during the warm summer of 1997 (possibly also in 1998). As these oestrids are strong flyers, it may not be too difficult for them to cross &gt;2-3 km of oceanic waters. There are no good explanations for the failure to eradicate L. arctica, but the results indicate that there may be elements in its life cycle that are unknown. The conclusion of the study is that it may be difficult or impossible to eradicate these parasites permanently, even locally such as on islands unless adjacent areas on the mainland are also cleared.

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