scholarly journals Digestive studies with a feed developed for realimentation of starving reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Sletten ◽  
Knut Hove
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Observation Period

<p>The properties of three different feeds were compared when offered to reindeer calves as single feeds after a starvation period of the 48 h. The feeds were lichen and two pelleted commercial reindeer feeds, RF-71 and RF-80. The two latter differed in concentration of readily digestible carbohydrates (high in RF-71) and in the inclusion of seaweed meal in RF-80. Seven calves were offered the three diets in a latin square design. Measurements involved feed intake and rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids, ammonia and pH during a five day period after the end of the starvation period. Feeding RF-80 gave rise to higher feed intakes and more rapid normalisation of rumen VFA and ammonia concentration than the other pelleted feed. Rumen pH reached a minimum of 5.4 in animals fed RF-71, while the average minimum pH during the observation period was 6.1-6.2 when RF-80 was given. Inappetance for 1-2 days after refeeding occurred only with RF-71. RF-80 has now replaced RF-71 as the commercial reindeer feed in Norway.</p><p>Ford&oslash;yelsesfors&oslash;k med et for utviklet til overgangsforing av sveltende rein.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: En har sammenlignet egenskapene til tre forskjellige fortyper gitt til reinkalver som eneste for etter en sveltperiode p&aring; 48 timer. Fortypene var reinlav og to pelletterte, kommersielle reinfor: RF-71 og RF-80. De siste to adskilte seg fra hverandre i konsentrasjonen av lettford&oslash;yelige karbohydrater (h&oslash;yest i RF-71) og i innblanding av tangmel i RF-80. Syv reinkalver ble gitt de tre dietter i &laquo;latin square&raquo; fors&oslash;ksm&oslash;nster. M&aring;lingene omfattet: forinntak, konsentrasjon i vominnhold av flyktige fettsyrer (VFA) og ammonium samt verdier av pfi gjennom en fem-dagers periode etter avsluttet sveltperiode. Foring med RF-80 &oslash;kte forinntaket og for&aring;rsaket en raskere normalisering av VFA- og ammoniumkonsentrasjonene enn foring med RF-71. pfi n&aring;dde et minimum p&aring; 5,4 hos dyr som fikk RF-71, mens gjennomsnittlig verdi av pH gjennom observasjonsperioden var 6,1-6,2 n&aring;r det ble gitt RF-80. Apetittl&oslash;shet i 1-2 dager etter gjenopptatt foring inntraff bare ved bruk av RF-71. RF-80 har n&aring; erstattet RF-71 som kommersielt for til rein i Norge.</p>

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

Effect of including ensiled broiler-house litter in the rations of sheep on the digestibility of nutrients and the retention of nitrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJL Jacobs ◽  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Broiler House

The palatability and nutritive value of rations for sheep containing ensiled broiler-house litter and crushed barley (1:1 ratio) were compared with rations containing unprocessed broiler-house litter and barley. The ensiling of poultry litter together with barley (30 per cent moisture) for three or six weeks resulted in increased feed intakes compared with diets containing poultry litter ensiled alone for three or six weeks and mixed with barley or a diet in which neither poultry litter nor the barley were ensiled. The nitrogen digestibility of the totally ensiled diets was greater than that of the other diets when these values were corrected for differences in feed intake by covariance. Nitrogen retention by the sheep fed the totally ensiled diets was also greater than when they were fed the other diets. The greater feed intakes and nitrogen retention of the sheep when fed the totally ensiled diets compared with those diets that were partially ensiled or not ensiled at all may have been due to a change in the form of nitrogen and to the production of volatile fatty acids during the fermentation of the rations.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

scholarly journals Dried beet pulp, pressed beet pulp and maize silage as substitutes for concentrates in dairy cow rations. 2. Feed intake, fermentation pattern and ruminal degradation characteristics.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
H. de Visser ◽  
H. Huisert ◽  
R.S. Ketelaar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Branched Chain

In a 3 x 4 Latin square design with periods of 5 weeks rumen cannulated cows were fed on mixed diets supplemented with dried beet pulp (DP) pressed beet pulp (PP) and maize silage (M) at 15 kg DM and 25 kg DM (low, LL1 or high, HL1), respectively. Measurements were made of organic matter degradation (nylon bag) of diet ingredients, while during 48-h periods the pattern of intake, pH and osmolality, and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid (HL) and ammonia (NH3) were determined. The pH and concentration of the major VFA's were similar between treatments. The concentration of the branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), valerate and ammonia were significantly higher with M. The level of intake significantly influenced the pH, concentration of the major VFA's, 2-methyl-butyrate and valerate. The feed intake pattern differed between intake levels, but were similar between diets. Degradability of treatments were calculated from individual degradability measurements of diet ingredients. The undegradable fraction was highest for diet M. The water-soluble fraction was lowest for treatment DP, and the rate of degradation (kd) was lowest for treatment M. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effects of dietary energy and nitrogen supplements on rumen fermentation and protozoa population in buffalo and zebu cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Franzolin ◽  
Fabrício Pini Rosales ◽  
Weber Vilas Bôas Soares
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Citrus Pulp

The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo. Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10(5)/mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10(5)/mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal.

scholarly journals Effect of time of supplementary feeding on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of grass hay by sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
I. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Male Sheep

AbstractEffects of time of supplementation on forage intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation were studied with 12 mature castrated male sheep (wethers) offered grass hay from 16.30 h to 09.30 h and supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate given at either 09.30 or 16.00 h. Voluntary intake of hay organic matter (OM) was decreased by feeding the concentrate (P< 0·01). Offering concentrate at 09.30 h after hay was available, increased intake of hay and total OM compared with offering it at 16.00 h before hay was available (P< 0·05). Daily pattern of hay intake was not changed when concentrate was offered at 09.30 h compared with feeding hay alone, but concentrate given at 16.00 h resulted in a lower hay intake between 16.30 and 18.00 h. Sheep offered concentrate at 09.30 h had higher rumen ammonia levels than those offered concentrate at 16.00 h, but there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, rumen pH and molar proportions of the main volatile fatty acids. There were also no differences between groups in the blood plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (30HB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. It is concluded that feeding supplement after rather than before a period of intake of forage or a bout of grazing may offer a means of minimizing reduction of forage intake as a consequence of feeding concentrate.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals The effect of Ocimum basilicum and Cuminum cyminum seeds on the weight gain and rumen activity and fermentation in Awassi rams

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Tamara N. Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cuminum Cyminum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Animal Farm

     This study was carried out at Animal Farm, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University from April up to July 2013. The animals were fed on concentrate diet and freely grazed for 3-6 hours/ day at College Field, rams were used in a Latin square design (4*4) and trans located biweekly intervals, respectively to different concentrate diets, the first diet 2% of the body weight which was free from any addition  and considered as a control, the second diet was contain 3% Cuminum cyminum seeds (CU), while the third diet was contain 3% of Ocimum basilicom seeds (B) and the fourth concentrated diet was contain 1.5% of Cuminum cyminum and 1.5% Ocimum basilicom seeds (CU+B). Results revealed that there was significant (P<0.05) difference existed during the first two periods in the body gain compared with other periods, pH of rumen liquor of the control group 6.00±0.24 showed significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other animals during all periods 5.42±0.095, 5.40±0.14 and 5.65±0.11, while the volatile fatty acids were significantly lower in the control animal 8.25±0.75 compared with other animals, ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor, showed higher significant (P<0.05) difference 9.33±0.13 and 9.60±0.43 respectively in the third and fourth period than first period 7.52±0.28, on the other hand bacterial count of the control group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than other groups.

The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽  
Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽  
Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽  
Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

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