scholarly journals Lexicalizing number and gender in Lunigiana

Nordlyd ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. pp ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Tarald Taraldsen

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In this article, I present an analysis of gender and number marking on nouns in a group of Italian dialects. These dialects share the property that the plural morpheme is <em>-i-</em> in both the feminine and the masculine gender in both declension classes. But there is an asymmetry: in contexts where plurality is marked on a determiner, the plural marking <em>-i-</em> does not appear on nouns or adjectives in the feminine gender, but does appear on masculine nouns and adjectives. I argue that this asymmetry can be understood once it is recognized that a vocabulary item can lexicalize more than a single terminal, and that lexicalization is governed by the Superset Principle, i.e. if the lexicon associates a vocabulary item with a feature set <em>F</em>, it can lexicalize any constituent with the feature set <em>F'</em> provided <em>F</em> is a superset of <em>F'</em>.</span></p>

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saud Mushait ◽  
Anwar A. H. Al-Athwary

This study aims at investigating how borrowed nouns from English are inflected for plural and gender in Colloquial Saudi Arabic (CSA). The attempt is also made to account for the possible linguistic factors which may affect this inflection in light of some theories in morphology. The analysis is based on more than 250 loanwords collected from different sources (dictionaries, social, media, and TV series). The results showed that foreign nouns are found to be marked for all types of plural (broken plural (BP), female sound plural (FSP), and masculine sound plural (MSP)). More than 77% of borrowed nouns are inflected for FSP. However, this result disagrees with the plural formation rule operating in native nominal stems, which states that BP is the most common, and SP seldom occurs. Views from morphology theory as proposed by Abd-Rabbo (1990) and McCarthy and Prince (1990a; 1990b) were employed to account for this phenomenon. Another feature which is also peculiar to FSP formation is related to the attachment of –ha:t and –ya:t to singular borrowed nouns to form FSP instead of -a:t. Like plural marking, gender assignment to borrowed nouns is also subject to the CSA rules. All English loan nouns are inflected either for masculine by attaching the f morpheme (the unmarked) or feminine gender by attaching –ah (the marked). Out of the three functions of the feminine marker –ah introduced by Drozdík (1998), the inflectional function is the only function that is found at work within foreign nouns. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on loanword variation with regard to plural formation and other morpho-syntactic processes across the different dialects of Arabic. discourse intonation, dominance/non-dominance, pitch level, proclaiming tone, praat program, referring tone


Author(s):  
Erin C. Moon ◽  
Anita M. Unruh

As women enter adulthood, they are at an increased risk for a number of clinical pain conditions and show higher experimental pain sensitivity relative to men (e.g. Fillingim et al., 2009). The feminine gender role encourages the expression of pain in both children and adults whereas the masculine gender role encourages stoicism in response to pain (e.g. Robinson et al., 2001; Zeman and Garber, 1996). The earlier work of Unruh (1996), Berkeley (1992, 1997), and LeResche (1997), demonstrated that sex and gender shaped the experience of pain and a subsequent body of research has continued to articulate their influence.


Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4852 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-144
Author(s):  
KEIICHI KAKUI ◽  
DAISUKE UYENO

Markevich (1940) established Pseudolepeophtheirus Markevich, 1940 for Pseudolepeophtheirus longicauda Markevich, 1940 based on copepods collected from the pleuronectid fish Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787). Dojiri & Ho (2013) synonymized the genus and the species with Lepeophtheirus Nordmann, 1832 and Lepeophtheirus parvicruris Fraser, 1920, respectively. Later, Homma et al. (2020) resurrected Markevich’s species as a member of Lepeophtheirus, i.e., as L. longicauda (Markevich, 1940). The last component of the names of both genera is ‘phtheirus’ (transliterated from the Greek φθειρ; Nordmann 1832: 30), a masculine noun, and thus under Article 30.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereinafter, Code; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), both generic names are also masculine. The species-group name longicauda might be regarded as either a noun in apposition or as an adjective in the feminine gender, and Markevich (1940) did not specify his intention in this regard. Bearing in mind that ‘cauda’, meaning ‘tail’, actually is a feminine Latin noun and that Markevich did not change the final ‘-a’ to ‘-us’ to match the masculine gender of the genus, we deem that longicauda Markevich, 1940 is a noun in apposition, a position supported by Article 31.2.2 of the Code. 


2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Hilda Silva Carrilho Barbosa ◽  
Simone Maria Muniz da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Denice De Melo Lyra ◽  
Enelice Elias Acioli ◽  
Leila Souza Oliveira

RESUMOEstudo transversal, com o objetivo conhecer o perfil e os fatores associados à morbi-mortalidade por causas externas de adolescentes atendidos em um serviço de emergência em Recife, de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2005. Foram utilizados na coleta de dados, 453 prontuários de vítimas de violência, por meio de um questionário. Quanto aos resultados, acidentes de trânsito foram as causas de violência mais encontrada, 45,4%. Destes, 54,7% por atropelamento, 26,7% de motocicleta e 18,7% por colisão de veículos; a segunda, foi agressão física por espancamento 22,8%, seguida por agressão de arma de fogo, 15,5%; do total, 91,42% ocorreram no gênero masculino e, 8,57% no gênero feminino, ao contrário dos 9,5% dos casos observados em tentativa de suicídio, com maior relevância no gênero feminino, 74,4%. As demais causas totalizaram 6,9%, entre agressão por arma branca, acidente de trabalho e agressão sexual. Como conclusão, houve um predomínio de morbi-mortalidade de indivíduos do gênero masculino 68,4%, e a faixa etária mais acometida pela violência foi dos 16 aos 19 anos 68,2%; e a morbidade mais freqüente foi o traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE).Palavras-chave: Perfil; Adolescentes; Violência; Causas Externas. ABSTRACTCross sectional study, aiming at knowing the profile and factors associate to morbi-mortality for external causes of adolescents attended at a health emergency service at Recife, from January 2004 to December 2005. Registers of 453 handbooks had been used for data collection, victims of violence, by means a questionnaire. Overall, the most of the cause violence found was traffic accidents, 45,4%. From this, 54,7% happened by the running over, 26,7% from motorcycles and 18,7% for vehicles collision. The second one was physical aggression for beating 22,8%, followed for aggression for firearm, 15,5%. Overall aggressions one, 91,42% had occurred with the masculine gender and 8,57% with the feminine one, on the contrary 9,5% of the suicide attempts cases observed, in that the feminine gender had a bigger relevance, 74,4%. Another causes totalized 6,9%, including aggression by cutting weapon, industrial accident and sexual aggression. As findings, it had a predominance of morbi-mortality of the masculine gender 68,4% and the age band more attacked for the violence was from 16 to 19 years old, 68,2%; and the most frequent morbidity was the trauma encephalic skull (TCE).Keywords: Profile; Adolescents; Violence; External Causes.RESUMENEstudio transversal, con el objetivo de identificar el perfil y los factores asociados a la morbi-mortalidad por causas externas de adolescentes atendidos en el servicio de emergencia en Recife, de enero del 2004 a diciembre del 2005. Para la recolección de datos fueron utilizados  453 registros de víctimas de la violencia a través de una encuesta. De los resultados surge que, la mayoría de las causas de violencia fueron los accidentes de tránsito (45,4%). De éstos, 54,7% fueron por atropellamiento, 26,7% de motocicletas y 18,7% para la colisión de vehículos. La segunda, fue la agresión física, con 22,8%, siguió por la agresión por arma de fuego, con 15,5%. Del total de agresiones por arma de fuego, 91.42% habían ocurrido en el género masculino y 8,57% en el género femenino, al contrario de 9,5% de los casos de tentativas de suicidio observados, con mayor relevancia en el género femenino 74,4%. Otras causas totalizaron 6,9%, entre agresión por arma blanca, accidente de trabajo y agresión sexual. Como conclusión hubo un predominio de morbimortalidad de individuos del género masculino 68,4% y siendo el grupo de 16 a los 19 años los más afectado por la violencia, 68.2%; y la morbilidad más frecuente fue traumatismo cráneo encefálico (TCE).  Palabras clave: Perfil; Adolescentes; Violencia; Causas Externas. 


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dipanwita Biswas

<p>This research will address American gender theorist Butler's assertion of third wave feminism and gender ethics and advocate that despite education and modernization, a duplicity still exists in the way gender has been depicted in western culture as well as in indigenous culture. This investigation seeks to acknowledge this duplicity by performing a comparative study of the western superhero Wonder Woman and the indigenous Indian Goddess Durga. Ultimately, this study challenges the contemporary terminologies and the interpretations concerning gender roles within the society to show the duplicity inherent in these contrasting renditions. Through a theoretical and practical framework and with the help of academic works and social media, the study conveys more visually empathetic ways to define the feminine gender as being powerful and multifaceted. These investigations will include traditional and contemporary examples of visual illustrations that contain their own social and cultural narratives and offer visual evidence of the perceptions and preconceptions that Butler refers to in her ‘Undoing Gender’ as “social and sexual constraints” (Butler, 2004, p. 10-15). The findings include visual responses that explore the personal counter-reaction towards duplicity that I argue is rife within social constructions of the feminine gender in both the Western and Eastern cultures. The illustration techniques in this research will provide more in-depth representations of the multifarious feminine characteristics. The study concludes that the sense of gender inequality still exists in contemporary society and only acceptance of this fact can resolve the issue.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dipanwita Biswas

<p>This research will address American gender theorist Butler's assertion of third wave feminism and gender ethics and advocate that despite education and modernization, a duplicity still exists in the way gender has been depicted in western culture as well as in indigenous culture. This investigation seeks to acknowledge this duplicity by performing a comparative study of the western superhero Wonder Woman and the indigenous Indian Goddess Durga. Ultimately, this study challenges the contemporary terminologies and the interpretations concerning gender roles within the society to show the duplicity inherent in these contrasting renditions. Through a theoretical and practical framework and with the help of academic works and social media, the study conveys more visually empathetic ways to define the feminine gender as being powerful and multifaceted. These investigations will include traditional and contemporary examples of visual illustrations that contain their own social and cultural narratives and offer visual evidence of the perceptions and preconceptions that Butler refers to in her ‘Undoing Gender’ as “social and sexual constraints” (Butler, 2004, p. 10-15). The findings include visual responses that explore the personal counter-reaction towards duplicity that I argue is rife within social constructions of the feminine gender in both the Western and Eastern cultures. The illustration techniques in this research will provide more in-depth representations of the multifarious feminine characteristics. The study concludes that the sense of gender inequality still exists in contemporary society and only acceptance of this fact can resolve the issue.</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Ann Hildah Gatakaa Kinyua

Since time immemorial, communities across the world exhibit gender inequity whereby the feminine gender is viewed as lesser to their male counterparts. Studies indicate that no one is born a man or a woman, but rather the society makes us men or women through acculturation into roles that are conventionally stereotyped as male or female. However, the roles and duties for men and women vary from community to community; some duties are strictly viewed as being for one gender in one community are considered duties for the other gender in another community. For example, among the Ameru, a patriarchal society of Eastern Kenya, no woman can undertake the task of building a shelter, while among the pastoralist communities of Kenya, women build family shelters. This means there are no duties that are strictly for men or women in the world. This paper argues that one way that society makes men and women out of her people is through the language used in community folklore transmitted through formal or informal linguistic interactions. A case is made from a careful examination of the Ameru proverbs, wise sayings, and riddles. It will be shown that the language used in these genres continually exhorts and invites the male gender to manifest macho and positive qualities while at the same time depicts the female gender as feeble, vain, and weak. The paper proposes the repackaging of community folklore and wisdom through language that establishes positive qualities for members of both genders.


SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110326
Author(s):  
Chinenye Amonyeze ◽  
Stella Okoye-Ugwu

With the global #Metoo movement yet to arrive in Nigeria, Jude Dibia’s Unbridled reflects an emblematic moment for the underrepresented to occupy their stories and make their voices heard. The study analyzes patriarchy’s complicated relationship with the Nigerian girl child, significantly reviewing the inherent prejudices in patriarchy’s power hierarchies and how radical narratives explore taboo topics like incest and sexual violence. Contextualizing the concepts of hypersexualization and implicit bias to put in perspective how women, expected to be the gatekeepers of sex, are forced to navigate competing allegiances while remaining submissive and voiceless, the article probes the struggles of sexual victims and how hierarchies in a patriarchal society exacerbate their affliction through a culture of silence. Arguing that Dibia’s Unbridled confronts the narrative of silence in Nigerian fiction, the article explores ways the author empowers gender by challenging social values and traditional gender roles, underscoring gender dynamics and the problematic nature of prevalent bias against the feminine gender in Nigeria.


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