scholarly journals The social life of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon K Schweinfurth
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Natural Behaviour ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats

The Norway rat has important impacts on our life. They are amongst the most used research subjects, resulting in ground-breaking advances. At the same time, wild rats live in close association with us, leading to various adverse interactions. In face of this relevance, it is surprising how little is known about their natural behaviour. While recent laboratory studies revealed their complex social skills, little is known about their social behaviour in the wild. An integration of these different scientific approaches is crucial to understand their social life, which will enable us to design more valid research paradigms, develop more effective management strategies, and to provide better welfare standards. Hence, I first summarise the literature on their natural social behaviour. Second, I provide an overview of recent developments concerning their social cognition. Third, I illustrate why an integration of these areas would be beneficial to optimise our interactions with them.

Some Behavioral Tests of Domestication in Norway Rats

Behaviour ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 198-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boice
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Norway Rats

AbstractFive experiments with wild and domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) were designed to assess behavioral effects of domestication. The results, which must be considered preliminary, are supportive of the notion that domestication in the Norway rat has induced an adaptive fitness rather than degeneration: 1. Scar-marked captives showed the poor reproductive success typical of traditional attempts at initial laboratorization. In 10 such pairs, three of the females killed prospective mates and five of the six who produced litters cannibalized all or some of the offspring. Unscarred captives, assumed to represent higher social status in the wild population, produced litters in eight of ten pairings with no abnormal breeding or maternal behaviors. 2. Scar-marked captives were least dominant in water competition and were most likely to show abnormal behaviors, new wounds, and mortalities. Similar competitive groupings of domestic rats showed the expected difference in social behavior; fighting was less intense, social distance was less, and threat signals were rare compared to wild rats. Where wild and domestic rats were housed together, however, the intensity of social behaviors in the latter increased, even leading to deaths, although interaction was almost segregated between the two kinds of rats. 3. In an avoidance learning situation, wild-caught and wild F1 (laboratory raised) rats were markedly inferior in performance compared to domestic rats in paradigms with internally or externally cued warnings. 4. In another avoidance learning context, wild rats showed limited evidence of a passive style of learning while domestic rats showed clear evidence of active avoidance learning. These data suggest that learning styles may differ in the two kinds of rats and that definitive evidence of a learning difference will be difficult to obtain. 5. Daily patterns of responding for drinking water were more resistant to change in the wild rats, even at a substantial cost in water obtained, suggesting that domestication may have induced greater behavioral flexibility.

scholarly journals Case Study of The Phubbing Action of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Students in An Online Lecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 956-968
Author(s):  
Wahyu Hidayat ◽  
Aninditya Sri Nugraheni
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Research Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Online Lecture ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to describe and reveal the impact of excessive smartphone use, which then leads to phubbing. This research study was conducted in May 2020 on 30 students of Uin Sunan Kalijaga as respondents or research subjects. This type of research is qualitative research and interviews with all research subjects, and literature review. The results of the study were recorded that 92% of 27 respondents revealed that a phubber did not give appreciation and was more likely to underestimate the other person. So, planting and practicing Pancasila values in everyday life is very important to carry out. This is so that each individual can fortify and organize himself against wise smartphone use. Then it is hoped that through this research study, students as the nation's next generation will realize the impact of excessive smartphone use on social life.

scholarly journals “Third-Wave” Coffeehouses as Venues for Sociality: On Encounters between Employees and Customers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Public Meeting ◽  
Work World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Commercial Landscape

Contemporary social life is often depicted, in and out of the social sciences, as an ever-worsening subterfuge of alienation, ennui, and the systematic destruction of traditional, human-scaled, publicly-accessible, “organic” sociality that people once enjoyed. In this paper I do not contend that these trends in our social and commercial landscape are not happening. I will instead contend that conventional face-to-face sociability thrives even in the face of the loss of many traditional public meeting places. My focus in this piece is on social interaction in independent cafes that are known, and that self-identify, as what coffee connoisseurs term “third-wave” coffeehouses. Deploying the analytic perspective of ethnomethodology, which prioritizes and problematizes the observed and reported lived experiences of research subjects, I argue not only that “authentic” sociality flourishes in these spaces but I also consider the role of shop employees—baristas—in them and uncover their perceptions concerning social interaction between themselves and customers. As such I not only question prevailing understandings about the “death” of traditional sociability but also add to past research on the coffeehouse as social form by problematizing, for the first time, the work world of the baristas and their interactions with customers.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Scottish-type resistance to warfarin in the Norway rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Greaves ◽  
P. B. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Group I ◽  
Wild Rat ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Warfarin Resistance

SUMMARYThe inheritance of resistance to the rodenticide, warfarin, in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, derived from a wild rat population in Scotland was studied in the backcross, intercross and testcross. The resistance was found to be due to a major gene with about the same map position in Linkage Group I as the warfarin-resistance gene, Rw2, which occurs in the wild rat population in Wales. In heterozygotes, the Scottish resistance gene, unlike the Welsh gene, is incompletely penetrant in expression, though the penetrance was found to increase markedly in response to selection. Differences between the Scottish and Welsh types of resistance suggest that the two resistance genes are allelic.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Rodent Pathogens in Wild Rats from the Island of St. Kitts, West Indies

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Kenneth Boey ◽  
Kanae Shiokawa ◽  
Harutyun Avsaroglu ◽  
Sreekumari Rajeev
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Monitoring Protocols

A pilot seroprevalence study was conducted to document exposure to selected pathogens in wild rats inhabiting the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. Serum samples collected from 22 captured wild rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) were tested for the presence of antibodies to various rodent pathogens using a rat MFI2 serology panel. The samples were positive for cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (13/22; 59.1%), Clostridium piliforme (4/22; 18.2%), Mycoplasma pulmonis (4/22; 18.2%), Pneumocystis carinii (1/22; 4.5%), mouse adenovirus type 2 (16/22; 72.7%), Kilham rat virus (15/22; 68.2%), reovirus type 3 (9/22; 40.9%), rat parvovirus (4/22; 18.2%), rat minute virus (4/22; 18.2%), rat theilovirus (2/22; 9.1%), and infectious diarrhea of infant rats strain of group B rotavirus (rat rotavirus) (1/22; 4.5%). This study provides the first evidence of exposure to various rodent pathogens in wild rats on the island of St. Kitts. Periodic pathogen surveillance in the wild rat population would be beneficial in assessing potential regional zoonotic risks as well as in enhancing the current knowledge when implementing routine animal health monitoring protocols in facilities with laboratory rodent colonies.

Management of Tendinopathy

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1855-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Rees ◽  
Nicola Maffulli ◽  
Jill Cook
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Nonoperative Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Pathologic Process ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Tendon Surgery ◽  
Growth Factor Treatment ◽  
Future Management

Overuse disorders of tendons, or tendinopathies, present a challenge to sports physicians, surgeons, and other health care professionals dealing with athletes. The Achilles, patellar, and supraspinatus tendons are particularly vulnerable to injury and often difficult to manage successfully. Inflammation was believed central to the pathologic process, but histopathologic evidence has confirmed the failed healing response nature of these conditions. Excessive or inappropriate loading of the musculotendinous unit is believed to be central to the disease process, although the exact mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. Additionally, the location of the lesion (for example, the midtendon or osteotendinous junction) has become increasingly recognized as influencing both the pathologic process and subsequent management. The mechanical, vascular, neural, and other theories that seek to explain the pathologic process are explored in this article. Recent developments in the nonoperative management of chronic tendon disorders are reviewed, as is the rationale for surgical intervention. Recent surgical advances, including minimally invasive tendon surgery, are reviewed. Potential future management strategies, such as stem cell therapy, growth factor treatment, and gene transfer, are also discussed.

OBSERVATIONS ON LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE IN THE WILD RATS OF BALTIMORE*

1927 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-406
Author(s):  
E. W. WALCH ◽  
G. B. WALCH-SORGDRAGER
Keyword(s):  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats

A preliminary study of regeneration in wild populations of threatened endemic Hawaiian palms (Pritchardia; Arecaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melany H. Chapin ◽  
Mike Maunder ◽  
Katherine E. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Human Colonization ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Term Management

Island floras have been subject to catastrophic changes since human colonization; the Hawaiian Islands exemplify this pattern of species decline and ecological change. Archaeological and historic findings support the former existence of coastal, lowland and interior Pritchardia dominated forests. Wild Pritchardia populations are highly fragmented and exhibit poor or absent regeneration in the wild. This study records seed predation, goat grazing, pig damage, and human harvesting on six wild populations of three species and outlines requirements for the long-term management of wild populations. Only one population of the six studied was found to contain seedlings. Recommended conservation management strategies are outlined.

Are wild rodents attracted to lure laboratory rats?

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
A C Gsell ◽  
M N H Seabrook-Davison ◽  
D H Brunton
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Free Status

invasions to New Zealand’s unique biodiversity, ‘pest-free’ offshore and mainland island refuges have been created. The success of this approach depends on the long term maintenance of the pest-free status of these refuges. Because the occurrence of rodent incursions is an on-going risk, early detection and elimination of invading animals is crucial. We conducted field-based experiments to determine if lures of live female and male laboratory Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) held in cages in the wild, and lures consisting of urine-soaked rodent bedding could be used to detect the presence of wild rodents. We found that the use of live rodents and bedding significantly increased the probability of detecting wild rodents, although we were not able to determine the sex, age or number of wild rodents attracted to each live rodent station. We also found that wild rats were equally attracted to the scent of male and female rats i.e., lures and bedding. Our approach provides potential as a tool for early detection of rodents in vulnerable refuges and we suggest that further research is needed to investigate the feasibility of developing rat scented monitoring stations.

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