scholarly journals WEAP-MODFLOW dynamic modeling approach to evaluate surface water and groundwater supply sources of Addis Ababa city

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behailu Birhanu ◽  
Seifu Kebede ◽  
Marco Masetti ◽  
Tenalem Ayenew
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
City Water ◽  
Demand Coverage

The integration between WEAP and MODFLOW models coupled via LinkKitchen helps to create a dynamic link between surface water and groundwater supply sources of Addis Ababa city. Possible impacts of natural and anthropogenic stresses on surface water reservoirs volume and groundwater storage have been assessed through water supply scenario analysis. Besides, contrary to other surface water hydrological models, the unique nature of WEAP adds water demand assessment by simulating Addis Ababa city near future water demand coverage under three population projection scenarios. The water demand projections of Addis Ababa city indicates 100% water demand coverage will not be achieved for high (4.6%), medium (3.8%) and low (2.8%) population growth rate projections, even with all the emerging and planned water supply projects start production up until 2025. Supply scenario projections indicate, as surface water reservoirs are highly sensitive to climate change and variability, the city groundwater supply sources will be noticeably affected by the emerging and planned groundwater supply expansion schemes. If groundwater abstraction continues to reach to zero unmet demand, more than 30-meter groundwater level decline can be registered in 2025. To foresee the combined effect of both natural and anthropogenic stresses on Addis Ababa city water supply sources, best case (considering conditions which improve Addis Ababa city water supply) and worst case (considering conditions stressing Addis Ababa city water supply) scenarios were tested. The best case scenario results zero unmet water demand in Addis Ababa city in most wet months of future projection years up to 2025, with likely decline of about 6 meter on the groundwater level. The worst case scenario to the contrary shows, Addis Ababa city water demand coverage will potentially be reduced to a maximum of 35% in 2025, with seasonal and annual variability. The dynamic link between surface water reservoirs and groundwater supply sources helps to gain insight into the potential consequences of continuously changing natural and anthropogenic conditions on Addis Ababa city water supply sources. Consequently, the significant predicted near future pressure on Addis Ababa city surface water and groundwater supply clearly indicate planning and developing alternative water supply sources outside of the boundary (Upper Awash basin) where the city is located should be immediately started in order to endure the pressure from the ever increasing demand. Otherwise, not only Addis will continue suffering unmet water demand for the years to come, but also the water supply sources will be severely impacted. Nonetheless, wherever the water supply sources, minimizing water loss, recycling and improving water use efficiency should be given at most priority.

scholarly journals Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Stresses on Surface and Groundwater Supply Sources of the Upper Awash Sub-Basin, Central Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behailu Birhanu ◽  
Seifu Kebede ◽  
Katrina Charles ◽  
Meron Taye ◽  
Ayele Atlaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Conjunctive Use ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

Improving water security is critical to delivering the best outcomes for development. In Ethiopia, the upper Awash sub-basin supports expanding urban and industrial areas, with increasing water demands. Studies have preferentially focused either on surface water hydrology or on groundwater characterization. However, novel tools are required to support the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater for competing users under potential climate change impacts. In this paper, we present research based on a WEAP-MODFLOW link configured for four catchments in the upper Awash sub-basin (Akaki, Melka Kunture, Mojo, and Koka). The Akaki catchment supplies water for Addis Ababa city. Unlike most surface water hydrological models, both supply (surface water and groundwater) and demand (domestic, industrial, and livestock) are modeled. The tool was used to evaluate the impacts of population growth, leakage, expansion of surface and groundwater supply schemes, and climate change scenarios up to the year 2030. Considering the high population growth rate scenario for Addis Ababa city, the unmet domestic water demand may increase to 760 MCM in 2030. Water leakage through poor water supply distribution networks contributed about 23% of the unmet water demand. Though not significant compared with population and water loss stresses, climate change also affect the supply demand condition in the basin. Planning for more groundwater abstraction without considering additional surface water reservoir schemes will noticeably impact the groundwater resource, with groundwater levels projected to decline by more than 20 m. Even more groundwater level decline is observed In the Akaki catchment, where Addis Ababa city is located. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater not only boosts the supply demand situation in the basin but will lift off some of the stresses from the groundwater resources. Even under the likely increase in temperature and low precipitation climate scenarios, the conjunctive use resulted in a significant increase in domestic water demand coverage from 26% for the reference condition to 90% in 2030, with minimum effect on the groundwater resources. To improve water security conditions through sustainable utilization of both surface and groundwater resources, policy responses need to consider surface and groundwater conjunctive use. Minimizing water leakage should also be given the highest priority.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Performance Analysis and Modeling of Water Supply Distribution System of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalchisa Milkecha ◽  
Habtamu Itefa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The University

This study was conducted generally by aiming assessment of the hydraulic performance of water distribution systems of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU). In line with the main objective, this study addressed, (1) pinpointing problems of existing water supply versus demand deficit (2) evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system using water GEMS and (3) recommended alternative methods for improving water demand scenarios. The University’s water supply distribution network layout was a looped system and the flow of water derived by both gravity and pressurized system. The gravity flow served for the academic and administrative staffs whereas the pressurized system of the network fed the students dormitories, cafeteria’s etc. The study revealed the existence of unmet minimum pressure requirement around the student dormitories which accounts 25.64% below the country’s building code standard during the peak hour consumption. The result of the water demand projection showed an increment of 2.5 liter per capita demand (LPCD) in every five years. Hence, first, the university’s water demand was projected and then hydraulic parameters such as; pressure, head loss and velocity were modeled for both the existing and the improved water supply distribution. The finding of the study was recommended to the university’s water supply project and institutional development offices for its future modification and rehabilitation works.

Assessing the efficiency of combined use of surface water and groundwater for process water supply to Kalininskaya NPP

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Bolgov ◽  
R. S. Shtengelov ◽  
A. A. Maslov ◽  
E. A. Filimonova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Combined Use

Embodied energy comparison of surface water and groundwater supply options

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (17) ◽  
pp. 5577-5586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Mo ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
James R. Mihelcic ◽  
David R. Hokanson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Supply

Assessing interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Pampean stream

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Becher Quinodoz ◽  
M. Blarasin ◽  
H. Panarello ◽  
E. Ducos
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Groundwater Supply

In the south of Córdoba (Argentina), groundwater from the unconfined aquifer, presents scarce suitability due to high values of salts, sulfates, arsenic and fluorides. This situation makes it necessary to explore other possibilities, for example, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. The objective of this work was to describe the dynamic and geochemical relationships between surface water and groundwater in the medium-low basin of the Ají stream. The conceptual model was supported by the use of stable 18O/16O and 2H/1H isotopes and it was validated through numerical modeling and 222Rn activity results. The stream water is sodium bicarbonate fresh type (460–1,400 μS/cm). The aquifer presents fresh to salt water (720–14,000 μS/cm), from sodium bicarbonate to sodium chloride type. The isotopic results show that there is a straight mixing line between surface water and groundwater samples. The geochemical numerical modeling revealed that in the mixing models between stream and aquifer, for hydraulically linked samples, the aquifer only provides 2% of the total stream flow. This was validated through 222Rn results, which led us to the estimation of about 2% of groundwater supply in summer.

Occurrence of molybdenum in British surface water and groundwater: Distributions, controls and implications for water supply

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Smedley ◽  
D.M. Cooper ◽  
E.L. Ander ◽  
C.J. Milne ◽  
D.J. Lapworth
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater

scholarly journals Urban stormwater harvesting for domestic water supply: a water evaluation and planning approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Pravin ◽  
C. Gajendran ◽  
T. Divya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Surface Water Bodies ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning

Abstract Renewable groundwater and surface water supplies are insufficient for the existing urban population all over the world as water demand is increasing rapidly. Usage per capita in urban areas transcends 160 liters per day. Climate change is projected to increase water demand even more. Sources of surface water obtained by stormwater runoff can be well used to fulfill this requirement. The main objective of this work is to assess the water supply and demand in the dry condition in the Coimbatore region, Tamil Nadu, India, and to use the Water Evaluation and Planning method to create a model for supply and demand in the future. There are more than three dozen of surface water bodies in and around the metropolitan center. Most sources are heavily encroached upon. By linking stormwater runoff from its respective elevation to the accessible surface water bodies, an additional water supply source can be obtained. By using the Water Evaluation and Planning framework as a guide, models were developed to determine potential needs, compare demand and supply, water usage, lack of water use, and population coverage. The enhanced stormwater drainage system for Coimbatore city was also designed in such a way that the corporation's various roads were connected to the major water bodies. The domestic water demand in the future is predicted to be around 27 Million Cubic Feet(MCFT). Meanwhile, the possible amount of stormwater collection in the selected water bodies is predicted to be 50 Million Cubic Meter (MCM) to 320MCM. Thus, the study concluded that 100% of urban domestic water demand can be met if the urban stormwater is utilized by harvesting and storing in surface water bodies.

scholarly journals Evaluating integrated water management strategies to inform hydrological drought mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3113-3139
Author(s):  
Doris E. Wendt ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Benedikt Heudorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Drought Management ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Managing water–human systems during water shortages or droughts is key to avoid the overexploitation of water resources and, in particular, groundwater. Groundwater is a crucial water resource during droughts as it sustains both environmental and anthropogenic water demand. Drought management is often guided by drought policies, to avoid crisis management, and actively introduced management strategies. However, the impact of drought management strategies on hydrological droughts is rarely assessed. In this study, we present a newly developed socio-hydrological model, simulating the relation between water availability and managed water use over 3 decades. Thereby, we aim to assess the impact of drought policies on both baseflow and groundwater droughts. We tested this model in an idealised virtual catchment based on climate data, water resource management practices and drought policies in England. The model includes surface water storage (reservoir), groundwater storage for a range of hydrogeological conditions and optional imported surface water or groundwater. These modelled water sources can all be used to satisfy anthropogenic and environmental water demand. We tested the following four aspects of drought management strategies: (1) increased water supply, (2) restricted water demand, (3) conjunctive water use and (4) maintained environmental flow requirements by restricting groundwater abstractions. These four strategies were evaluated in separate and combined scenarios. Results show mitigated droughts for both baseflow and groundwater droughts in scenarios applying conjunctive use, particularly in systems with small groundwater storage. In systems with large groundwater storage, maintaining environmental flows reduces hydrological droughts most. Scenarios increasing water supply or restricting water demand have an opposing effect on hydrological droughts, although these scenarios are in balance when combined at the same time. Most combined scenarios reduce the severity and occurrence of hydrological droughts, given an incremental dependency on imported water that satisfies up to a third of the total anthropogenic water demand. The necessity for importing water shows the considerable pressure on water resources, and the delicate balance of water–human systems during droughts calls for short-term and long-term sustainability targets within drought policies.

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