scholarly journals La théorie des groupes non compétitifs

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-261
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Daubigney
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preference Functions ◽  
Reproduction Pattern

In this paper, the author describes and criticizes the theory of non-competitive groups. According to this theory, the non-competitivity of social groups refers to the existence and the reproduction by heredity of a bi-univocal correspondence between the hierarchy of social groups and the hierarchy of employments. Such a relation comes from the fact that the social origins determine the level of education, the distribution of inborn qualities, and the preference functions of individuals. It is also the result of the demographic reproduction pattern of social groups. In such conditions, the incomes hierarchy is the result as well as the means of the hereditary reproduction of social structure and of non-competitivity. Two basic criticisms can be formulated. First, this theory is unable to justify most of the relation underlying the analysis. Second, the proposed explanation model is unable to account for the contemporary ways of non-competitivity such as indicated by the statistics on social mobility.

The social mobility of servants in rural Sweden, 1740–1894

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTER LUNDH
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Marriage Pattern ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Limited Period

For most people in pre-industrial Sweden, the occupation of being a servant was not a lifetime job but a temporary one at which they tried their hand for a limited period during their lives. The Western European marriage pattern with its late age at marriage meant that most individuals spent about 10–15 years preparing for adulthood: saving up, being trained and seeking a partner for life. During this phase of their lives they worked as servants, changed employer frequently and therefore migrated.Until the late eighteenth century the social structure in the Swedish countryside was quite homogeneous. The nobility possessed large estates which formed an important source of employment. These were, however, few in number, and the dominant social groups were peasants, freeholders (skattebönder) and tenants on crown or noble land (kronobönder, frälsebönder), as well as servants in peasant households or on the estates. There were, of course, people with other occupations, but they did not constitute large social groups. Thus, servants formed a special social category, but, as I mentioned, very few people belonged to the category for life. Let us contrast this homogeneous picture with the diversified social structure in the late nineteenth century.

Slaves and society in Western Africa, c. 1445—c. 1700

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Fage
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The Social ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
Limited Supply ◽  
Sub Saharan

Published European first-hand accounts of the coastlands from Senegal to Angola for the period c. 1445-c. 1700 are examined to see what light they throw on the extent to which institutions of servitude in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa were autonomous developments or a response to external demands for African slaves. It seems clear that when, in the early years of this period, European traders first approached societies along the western African coasts, they were commonly offered what they called ‘slaves’ in exchange for the goods they had brought. But it would be wrong to conclude from this that a slave class was necessarily a feature of western African coastal societies when these were first contacted by Europeans. It is clear, for instance, that the Europeans preferred to deal with societies which had developed monarchical governments, whose leaders had control of sufficient surpluses to make trade worthwhile. The evidence suggests that in these societies most individuals were dependants of a ruling and entrepreneurial elite, but that there was also social mobility. A category of dependants that particularly attracted the notice of the European observers was women, whom men of power and wealth tended to accumulate as wives (and hence as the potential mothers of still more dependants). The necessarily limited supply of women may have been a factor encouraging such men to seek to increase their followings, and thus their status, power and wealth, by recruiting other dependants by forcible, judicial and economic means. While many such dependants, or their offspring, would be assimilated into the social groups commanded by their masters, the latter were certainly willing to contemplate using recently acquired or refractory recruits in other ways, such as exchanging them for alternative forms of wealth.

scholarly journals ESPACIO VIVIDO: DEL ESPACIO LOCAL AL RETICULAR. NOTAS EN TORNO A LA REPRESENTACIÓN SOCIAL DEL ESPACIO VIVIDO EN LA GLOBALIZACIÓN

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Enriqueta Lerma Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Lived Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Space ◽  
Los Grupos

En este artículo argumento la necesidad de repensar el espacio vivido. Propongo complejizar el análisis, consensado teóricamente, del espacio local, integrando el enfoque del espacio reticular. Busco incluir el margen de espacialidad que los grupos sociales construyen fuera de sus lugares cotidianos para explicar las representaciones sociales del espacio vivido, producto de las posibilidades de movilidad social hacia otros lugares.   LIVED SPACED: FROM LOCAL TO RETICULAR SPACE. NOTES ON THE SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF LIVED SPACE WITHIN GLOBALIZATIONABSTRACTIn this article, I defend the need to rethink lived space. I propose increasing the complexity of the analysis of local space, based on theoretical consensus, by integrating a reticular approach to space. I seek to include the margin of spatiality that social groups construct outside their every day places in order to thus explain the social representations of lived space resulting from the possibilities of social mobility toward other places.

Dynamics of the social structure of the Russian middle class

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Алексеенок ◽  
Anna Alekseenok ◽  
Гальцова ◽  
Anna Galtsova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics

The article presents a study of the dynamics of the social structure of the Russian middle class. It examines the dynamics of a number of different social groups in Russia in 2003-2014, «blocking» signs for the population which is not a member of the middle class, 2003-2014, self-assessment of the dynamics of 2014 and the possible dynamics for the next year of the financial position in the last year prior the survey in the different groups of the population. Also the analysis of dynamics of value orientations of different population groups, social identity, of the ways and the main types of leisure in the middle class is held. The article compares the model of Russian social structure, built on the basis of social self-assessment of the status of the Russian people in 2014 and 2000.

scholarly journals Masyarakat dan Eksistensi Madrasah Diniyah

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahid Khozin
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Dynamic

As a part of social structure, any educational institution is always changing depending on the social dynamic in a society. in the same manner, madrasah diniyah-as one of the religious educational institutions is also changing due to their environment and social aspiration. in this case, the madrasah existence seems to be depended on what and how social aspiration towards madrasah. madrasah is built and managed by society. social differences-because of difference in gender, age, level of education, and occupation-do not hinder the educational spirit of community to support madrasah diniyah. this paper tries to answer some questions dealing with their existence today. why the community still wants to conserve the existence of madrasah diniyah? how far the social aspiration to conserve and develop the madrasah diniyah as a tool of values cultivation.

Two Sociological Outlooks

2016 ◽  
pp. 69-106
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

The sociological distinction between ascribed and achieved statuses and the typology of roles attached to them construct “status sets” that form the building blocks of class, social inequality and stratification – the most important components of social structure. Among other topics, this chapter addresses the correspondences between work, salvation, piety and economics, by discussing the complexity of meanings in Islam, and through a discourse on Islamic culture. Both theoretically and empirically, we argue that work and social mobility have advanced by placing emphasis on achieved status rather than ascribed status, as in the Protestant vision. The prevalent assumption is that everybody is born with equal capabilities that can be actualized by individual endeavors. Thus, from the Protestant viewpoint, achieved statuses, and the social roles attached to them to build up the social structure, are more individually than socially based. This statement, that reflects a long debate on the role of nature and nurture, does not mean the authors are underestimating societal resources by an emphasis on psychologism. Attempts are made to avoid both sociologism and psychologism especially where theological foundational concerns are built upon here and beyond. Nonetheless, since creation starts with motivation, there are individuals who are prone to uphold and judge their creations to achieve a status without expert information. That is the moment that societal auditioning in various forms hold individuals' estimation of their creation to the societal standards whether in terms of subjectivity of taste or normative demands of a status. By de-emphasizing ascribed status, the individual's endeavors to gain rewards, material or non-material in this world not only contribute to capital accumulation, or prestige, but also open the avenue for the individual who believes in salvation, or engagement in innovation and scientific experimentation. As functionalists suggest, the expectation of reward, failure, and specialization create social inequality – that is, the qualities such as a degree of religiosity that have nothing to do with the stratification of people. If the degree of religiosity, measured by frequency of attending church or mosque, is able to impact drastically upon societal stratification, then the more stratified societies with large gaps between social classes are able to close them harmoniously.

scholarly journals Has Migration Been Beneficial for Migrants and Their Children?

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina V. Zuccotti ◽  
Harry B. G. Ganzeboom ◽  
Ayse Guveli
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Western European ◽  
First And Second Generation

The study compares the social mobility and status attainment of first-and second-generation Turks in nine Western European countries with those of Western European natives and with those of Turks in Turkey. It shows that the children of low-class migrants are more likely to acquire a higher education than their counterparts in Turkey, making them more educationally mobile. Moreover, they successfully convert this education in the Western European labor market, and are upwardly mobile relative to the first generation. When comparing labor market outcomes of second generations relative to Turks in Turkey, however, the results show that the same level of education leads to a higher occupation in Turkey. The implications of these findings are discussed.

LAND REGISTRATION AND LOCAL SOCIETY IN QING CHINA: TAXATION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY GUANGDONG

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
Kentaro Matsubara
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

This paper explores the relationship between local lineage social structure and the workings of tax registration in Qing China, through a case study providing documentary evidence of a level of precision that enables us to go beyond the findings of previous scholarship. In the first instance, it reconstructs a tax dispute where implications of the registration system come into play, based on rare records made by the taxpayers themselves. In doing so, it shows that (a) the registered “acreage” of land was in fact unrelated to any actual land whatsoever; (b) tax collection ceased to be able to rely on knowledge of the terrain and had to depend on knowing the social groups that could be held responsible for payment, while the cohesion and internal differentiation of these social groups was (in turn) underpinned by tax collection and registration; and (c) since the registration system did not permit the government to keep track of actual landholding, property rights had to be secured at the local community level. In conclusion, an attempt is made to speculate on the extent to which this specific case contributes to our knowledge of local social structure, the interactions between localities and the government, and the property regime of Qing China overall.

Teachers’ Narratives of Life Satisfaction, Social Mobility, and Practical Sense of Inequalities in Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 136078042110061
Author(s):  
Andrea Lizama-Loyola
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Differential Forms ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
The Social

The academic literature argues that understandings of the subjective experience of social mobility differ from objective measure of social mobility – based on occupational patterns of movement – because people tend to conflate changes of the social structure (social change) and changes within the social structure (social mobility), resulting in a limited sense of social inequalities. This article explores subjective understandings of social mobility through the lens of Chilean school-teachers’ narratives of their life trajectories. Methodologically, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 41 teachers who live in Santiago. They were also asked to draw a timeline with the main transitions in their lives. The findings of this article show that teachers’ evaluations of their trajectories are first expressed as narratives relating to their life satisfaction. Differential forms of social comparison that emerge from teachers’ evaluations of their trajectories reveal how people position themselves within a broader structure of social inequalities. In consequence, teachers’ evaluations of their trajectories contain implicit or explicit narratives of social mobility which are often bound up with a subjective sense of social change and life-course change. This article demonstrates that lay understandings of social mobility potentially illuminate academic understandings, by addressing a multidimensional and fluid model of social mobility as well as the practical experiences of inequalities that frame people’s everyday lives.

scholarly journals Social stratification in the sociological theory of P. Bourdieu

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
S. A. Baturenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Sociological Explanation

The relevance of the work is due to the transformations of the modern system of social stratification and opportunities for social mobility, as well as the need to find relevant approaches for their study. The article is devoted to reconstruction in a holistic form of the main provisions of the theory of social stratification of P. Bourdieu. His vision of the social structure of modern society is original and based on numerous empirical studies. The article analyzes the methodological foundations and features of the theory of social stratification of the French sociologist. Heuristic potential of one of modern constructivist methodological approaches to analysis of social stratification and social mobility is considered. P. Bourdieu significantly contributed to the fact that the sociological explanation of the modern system of social stratification is being transformed. He described the main characteristics of the social structure of a post-industrial society, the main trends in its development, developed proposals for using some categories necessary to explain it. Developing his own theory of habitus and the theory of social capital, P. Bourdieu proposes to explore the position of the individual, which is represented through a lifestyle. Bourdieu’s theory of social stratification can be applied to the problems of modern social inequality. The author of the article made an attempt to trace the research logic of the French sociologist, as well as show the relationship of various blocks of the theory of social stratification.

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