scholarly journals The Second Industrial Revolution and the Staples Frontier in Canada: Rethinking Knowledge And History

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Second Industrial Revolution

ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century the exploitation of Canada's softwood forests was transformed by the new technologies of the second Industrial Revolution. This can be understood in terms of Innis's staple thesis as the exploitation of natural resources on a margin for and using the technology of a more advanced Euro-American centre. The sociology of knowledge also provides a framework for analysis as old and new bodies of technical knowledge were possessed by and altered the relationships among different social groups. Changes were experienced both in the woods (pulpwood logging) and in the mills (pulp and paper making) in ways which were broadly similar but different in timing and other significant respects.

The Challenges of Modernity: The Case of Political Islam

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Parvizi Amineh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
First Case ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Traditional Cultures ◽  
Fault Lines

AbstractSince the Industrial Revolution in the late eighteenth century in England, all traditional cultures at one point in history have been challenged by modernity. This happened first in Europe and later in the rest of the world as a result of the late nineteenth century expansion of European capitalism and civilization. When confronted with modernity, individual traditional cultures conflict with the increasing plurality of lifestyles and values. There are two ways to solve this conflict: either remain in the past or innovate. In the first case, tradition prevails. In the second case, the challenges of modernity are embraced by adapting to the new circumstances. This will eventually lead to the renewal of one's own culture. Since the late nineteenth century, the challenges of modernity have resulted in a variety of often contradictory Islamic political ideologies and practices. In contrast to the cultural-essentialist and a-historical assumptions of some scholars, such as Samuel Huntington, who see the phenomenon of political Islam as a characteristic of an inevitable "clash of civilizations"—according to which conflicts and threats to world peace and security in the twenty-first century will be carried out along "civilizational fault lines"—this article argues that the actual fault-lines are socio-economic, not geo-cultural, and that conflicts in today's world do not take place between cultures but within them. Those societies that are more successful in adapting to the challenges of modernity show a relatively stronger capacity to cope with the growing complexity of political and cultural pluralism.

La modernizzazione delle cittŕ spagnole tra il tramonto della Restaurazione e la Guerra civile

STORIA URBANA ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Mirás Araujo Jesús ◽  
María Cardesín Díaz José
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Demographic Patterns

- The article provides a general picture in which to frame the modernization that the Spanish cities underwent between the late nineteenth century and the Civil War, and its consequences on the form of the development of several second industrialization infrastructures. The objective is to present a succinct global synthesis on the first third of the twentieth century, a period in which a remarkable take-off of the Spanish urbanmetropolitan phenomenon took place, as a result of a socio-economic development that stimulated the building of several urban equipment. The paper aims at providing a framework to better understand some case studies, which have been applied to the analysis of the financing of municipal treasuries, the influence of trams on urban growth and morphology, the location of water supply companies and their impact, the construction of the telephone network, and the repercussions of the transformation in demographic patterns on the national urban system. In conclusion, the rhythm of implementation of new technologies did not involve any significant delay as to other European countries, which lets us question traditional interpretations of the alleged Spanish failure in terms of modernization during those.

Technical Knowledge in Early Modern Japan

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
New Research ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Selection Of

Drawing on the papers presented at CEEJA’s* first international conference addressing the long-neglected field relating to the generation, dissemination and application of technical knowledge in Japan from the Edo to the Meiji periods, this volume provides a valuable selection of new research on the subject, from Hashimoto Takehiko’s detailed examination of Tanaka Hisashige’s ‘Myriad Year Clock’, Regine Mathias’s paper on mining and smelting, and Erich Pauer’s overview of Japanese technical books in the pre-modern era, to Suzuki Jun’s detailed account of boiler-making in late nineteenth-century Japan. * Centre Européen d’Études Japonaises d’Alsace, 2017

Dazzling the Multitude Original Media Spectacles

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Marvin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Words And Images ◽  
Point To Point

Anthropologists and literary theorists are fond of emphasizing the particularistic and dramatic dimensions of lived communication. The particularistic dimension of communication is constituted in whatever of its aspects have the most individually intimate meaning for us. The dramatic dimension is the shared emotional character of a communicated message, displayed and sometimes exaggerated for consumption by a public. Its dramatic appeal and excitement depend partly on the knowledge that others are also watching with interest. Such dimensions have little in common with abstractions about information and efficiency that characterize contemporary discussion about new communications technologies, but may be closer to the real standards by which we judge media and the social worlds they invade, survey, and create. Media, of course, are devices that mediate experience by re-presenting messages originally in a different mode. In the late nineteenth century, experts convinced of the power of new technologies to repackage human experience and to multiply it for many presentations labored to enhance the largest, most dramatically public of messages, and the smallest, most intimately personal ones, by applying new media technologies to a range of modes from private conversation to public spectacle, that special large-scale display event intended for performance before spectators. In the late nineteenth century, intimate communication at a distance was achieved, or at least approximated, by the fledgling telephone. The telephone of this era was not a democratic medium. Spectacles, by contrast, were easily accessible and enthusiastically relished by their nineteenth-century audiences. Their drama was frequently embellished by illuminated effects that inspired popular fantasies about message systems of the future, perhaps with giant beams of electric light projecting words and images on the clouds. Mass distribution of electric messages in this fashion was indeed one pole of the range of imaginative possibilities dreamt by our ancestors for twentieth-century communication. Equally absorbing was the fantasy of effortless point-to-point communication without wires, where no physical obstacle divided the sympathy of minds desiring mutual communion.

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Herbert Spencer is chiefly remembered for his classical liberalism and his evolutionary theory. His fame was considerable during the mid- to late-nineteenth century, especially in the USA, which he visited in 1882 to be lionized by New York society as the prophetic philosopher of capitalism. In Britain, however, Spencer’s reputation suffered two fatal blows towards the end of his life. First, collectivist legislation was introduced to protect citizens from the ravages of the industrial revolution, and Spencer’s spirited defence of economic laissez-faire became discredited. Second, his evolutionary theory, which was based largely on the Lamarckian principle of the inheritance of organic modifications produced by use and disuse, was superseded by Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Nearly a century after his death, however, there is renewed interest in his ideas, partly because the world has become more sympathetic to market philosophies, and partly because the application of evolutionary principles to human society has become fashionable once more.

36. Principles, pragmatism, and prohibition: explaining continuity and change in british drug policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter analyses the development of British policy on illicit drugs from the late nineteenth century until 2016. It shows how this is characterized by contestation between social groups who have an interest in the control and regulation of some drugs and their users. It argues that there is a ‘medico-penal constellation’ of powerful organizations that produce British drug policy in accordance with their own ideas and interest. There have been clashes between the different principles held by people within these organizations but these have often been dealt with through the creation of pragmatic compromises. Recent examples include policies towards ‘recovery’ in drug treatment and new psychoactive substances whilst heroin-related deaths are used to explain why, so far, these pragmatic compromises have not ended the prohibition upon which British drug policy is based.

The Technical Transformation of the Late Nineteenth-Century Gas Industry

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Firm Model ◽  
The Cost

This article analyzes, with particular reference to Britain, the technological transformation in coal gas manufacture around 1900. The timing of the innovation seems to be explained by the nature of the technology itself, by Rosenberg's “technical complementarity.” The rate of diffusion is analyzed by means of an inter-firm model which points to the importance of technical interrelatedness and the need to scrap old plant and of wage costs, which encouraged some firms to hasten scrapping. Different countries chose between the range of new technologies available largely on the basis of compatibility with existing plant and the cost of raw materials.

Directors/Directing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Switzky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Self ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Theatrical Performances ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Electric Light

Although some official has organized the acting and scenery in theatrical performances since ancient Greece, the director only emerged as a significant creative figure in the late nineteenth century. Directors introduced innovative acting methods, modernized staging through new technologies such as electric light and mechanized scenery, proposed theories about the function of the theater in social and political life, and provided unified interpretations of complex plays. As the self-designated authors of productions, directors often competed with playwrights and actors for artistic control, a tension that continues to characterize the division of labor in theaters.

Torts

2019 ◽  
pp. 443-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Law ◽  
Private Wrongs

This chapter discusses the development of tort law in the second half of the nineteenth century. Tort law experienced its biggest growth spurt in the late nineteenth century. The legal world began to sit up and pay attention. The very first English-language treatise on torts appeared in 1859: Francis Hilliard’s book, The Law of Torts, Or Private Wrongs. Then came Charles G. Addison, Wrongs and Their Remedies in 1860, in England. By 1900, there was an immense literature on the law of torts; Joel Bishop and Thomas M. Cooley had written imposing treatises on the subject; the case law had swollen to heroic proportions. Tort law was a product of the industrial revolution; England here had a head start; problems emerged there first, and so did their tentative legal solutions.

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