scholarly journals The biology, damage and within-tree distribution on the spruce bud midge on black spruce in Newfoundland

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. West
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Tree Distribution ◽  
North East ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Terminal Buds

The spruce bud midge (Rhabdophaga swainei) has one generation a year on black spruce (Picea mariana) in Newfoundland. Newly hatched larvae enter primordia of flushing buds in late June and early July and larvae mature by fall to overwinter within buds. Pupation occurs within buds the following spring and adults emerge in June. Virgin females averaged 86 eggs upon dissection. Platygaster rhabdophagae, Mesopolobus sp., Torymus sp., and Tetrastichus sp. were responsible for high parasitism levels of spruce bud midge larvae. Terminal buds were attacked significantly more than lateral or uppermost lateral buds. The number of infested buds was significantly higher in the top third of the crown than in the bottom crown third, but was not significantly different among north, east, south and west crown exposures. The apical meristem never developed in infested buds, and these buds did not flush. The growth of bud primordial cells is redirected by R. swainei to produce gall tissues that provide nutrients and an overwintering shelter for the larva. Attack of the terminal leader causes a slight loss in height growth but normal leader growth resumes the following year.

scholarly journals Comparative Height Growth of Eastern Larch and Black Spruce in Northwestern Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 296-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Spruce Stands

Height growth of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) was determined using standard stem analysis methods on trees from two sites in northwestern Ontario. The data were obtained from mixed larch-spruce stands which were relatively undisturbed. The larch exhibited substantially better height growth than the spruce through age 65.

Black and White Spruce Plantings in Minnesota: Container vs Bareroot Stock and Fall vs Spring Planting

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Alm
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Better Than

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) styrob-lock and paperpot and 3-0 and 2-2 seedlings were planted spring and fall. After four seasons of growth the container seedlings had survival and height growth as good or better than the nursery seedlings. There were no differences in performance between the two container systems. The 2-2 stock generally had better survival than the 3-0 stock. Survival of fall-planted stock was equal to or better than that of the spring-planted stock. Key words: white spruce, black spruce, styroplugs, paper pots, seedlings, transplants, artificial regeneration, fall vs spring planting

Comparison of growth and physiology of layers and naturally established seedlings of black spruce in a boreal cutover in Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raynald Paquin ◽  
Hank A Margolis ◽  
René Doucet ◽  
Marie R Coyea
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Growth and physiology of layers versus naturally established seedlings of boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) were compared 15 years after a cutover in Quebec. During the first 8 years, height growth of seedlings was greater than that of layers, averaging 10.4 and 7.0 cm/year, respectively. For the last 5 years, annual height growth of layers and seedlings did not differ (25 cm/year; p > 0.05). Over the entire 15-year period, total height growth of seedlings (251 cm) was greater than that of layers (220 cm), although total height did not differ (p > 0.05) over the last 6 years. During the 15th growing season, there were no differences (p > 0.05) for predawn shoot water potential, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, intercellular to ambient CO2 ratio, water use efficiency, and hydraulic conductance between layers and seedlings. For diurnal shoot water potential, seedlings showed slightly less stress than layers on two of the four sampling dates. Thus, in the first few years following the cutover, the slower growth observed for layers indicated that they had a longer acclimation period following the cutover. Afterwards, similar height growth, total height, and physiological characteristics of the two regeneration types indicated that layers can perform as well as naturally established seedlings.

scholarly journals Height growth of black spruce and jack pine seedlings in flooded flats

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
W. Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Water Height

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a green-house on peat-filled flats flooded with nutrient solution or distilled water. None was aerated. However, an O2 concentration gradient existed across the flats, 3.0 – 3.7 ppm along the edges, and 1.4 – 1.9 ppm in the centers. After 4½ months seedlings of both species grew taller with nutrient solution than with distilled water. In flats supplied with nutrient solution, seedlings of both species grew taller along the edges than in the centers, whereas in flats supplied with distilled water height differential did not develop. Jack pine grew taller than black spruce under similar conditions.

Ten-year results of strip clear-cutting in Quebec black spruce stands

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cutting System

Regeneration of first-cut strips in a two-cut system of strip clear-cutting was compared to that of large clear-cutting in four different areas representative of the black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands of the boreal forest of Quebec. Seedlings were more evenly distributed in clearcut strips than in large clearcuts. Differences of about 10 000 black spruce seedlings per hectare and 20% of stocking were observed in favour of clearcut strips compared to large clearcuts. Black spruce stocking was about 14% larger on lowland than on upland sites but height growth was better on upland sites. A regeneration problem similar to that of large clearcuts was observed when the second strips were cut. One year after cutting these second strips, winter harvesting resulted in a 23% gain in black spruce stocking as compared to summer harvesting. Even if black spruce stocking marginally increased during the years following winter harvesting, the height advantage of the preserved advance growth justifies the application of this harvesting method. The strip clear-cutting system effectively improved the stocking of former black spruce stands but if the stocking level of advance growth is adequate, careful harvesting to preserve advance regeneration should be the preferred method since it would be more cost-efficient.

Regrowth response of young black spruce (Picea mariana) trees to meristem removal and resource addition

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 956-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcy Bast ◽  
R J Reader
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Supply Condition ◽  
K Fertilizer

Regrowth of an injured plant may exceed the growth of a noninjured plant (i.e., overcompensation) when (i) dormant meristems are available to replace injured meristems, (ii) the injury level is sufficient to release dormant meristems from apical dominance, and (iii) the supply of mineral nutrient and light is sufficient to support the outgrowth of previously dormant meristems. A field experiment was conducted with 5-year-old black spruce trees to determine whether these three conditions were met when 25%, 50%, or 75% of a tree's uppermost buds were removed. Subsequent shoot growth on treated and nontreated trees (0% meristem removal) was compared for each of two levels of resource supply (natural and enhanced). Enhanced levels of light and mineral nutrients were created by removing neighbouring plants within a 2-m radius of a target tree and adding 10 grams of N–P–K fertilizer per tree. After 5 and 17 months, shoot growth did not differ significantly among trees in the four meristem removal treatments (condition ii above), regardless of resource supply (condition iii above). The absence of overcompensation most likely reflects the relatively small supply of dormant meristems on treated trees (condition i above).Key words: apical meristem, black spruce, compensatory growth, injury.

Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage : résultats de 10 ans

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2097-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Daniel Dumais
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Artificial Regeneration

Careful logging around advance growth (CLAAG) and tree planting following site preparation or not (fill planting) are widely used to regenerate black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. However, few mid-term studies have compared these different regeneration modes. In this study, we examined height growth and nutrient status of black spruce layers, natural seedlings, and planted seedlings over a 10-year period, in an experimental design combining CLAAG, natural seeding, planting, and two types of scarification (cones and disks). Without scarification, growth of planted seedlings (5.8 cm·year–1) was slightly greater than that of layers (4.4 cm·year–1) and natural seedlings (4.1 cm·year–1). Scarification improved growth of the three types of regeneration, but the treatment was more beneficial for planted seedlings (+7.1 cm·year–1) than for natural seedlings (+1.6 cm·year–1) and layers (+1,0 cm·year–1). Five years after treatment, scarification had increased the current-year needle N concentration of the three types of regeneration, but this beneficial effect on N was still detectable only in foliage of layers after 10 years. The effect of the treatment was variable for P and K contents, for which natural regeneration seems to have taken advantage more than plants. Our results indicate that scarification can improve the initial growth and nutrient status of both natural and artificial regeneration of black spruce and thus accelerate site recovery after cutting in the boreal forest. Furthermore, fill planting without site preparation appeared to be clearly less efficient than planting combined with scarification.

Impact du drainage forestier après coupe sur la croissance de l'épinette noire en forêt boréale

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1585-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Jutras ◽  
Jean Bégin ◽  
André P Plamondon
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Ecosystem Classification

The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate, with the help of stem analysis, the growth increases of natural and planted black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings in 39 drainage networks located in Quebec public boreal forest and drained operationally after cutting. The ecological conditions of the sites have been described using the forest ecosystem classification for the Clay Belt of eastern Ontario. A significant effect of the drainage on 9-year periodic growth in diameter and height of natural black spruce seedlings, varying with distance from the ditch and ecological conditions, was observed. Stocking of natural black spruce seedlings was sufficient to insure the reconstruction of a forest stand both on the treated sites and on the control sites. The 5-year height growth increment of planted black spruce seedlings was weaker than that of the natural seedlings, which were located on the same sites, and it varied with distance from the ditches.

Height growth of planted black spruce seedlings in response to interspecific vegetation competition: a comparison of four competition measures at two measuring positions

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
G G Wang ◽  
J Su ◽  
J R Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Hemispherical Photographs

Four simple measures of interspecific competition (percent cover visually estimated in the field, percent cover derived from hemispherical photographs, percent full sunlight measured by a ceptometer, and gap light index derived from hemispherical photographs) obtained at two reference positions (the top and the middle of crop seedlings) were evaluated in relation to two growth variables (relative height growth rates in 1998 and during 1996 to 1998) of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites in southeastern Manitoba. The four competition measures assessed at the two measuring positions explained 57.2-68.0% of the total variation in black spruce height growth rate. Significant relationships were found among the four measures, and between the two measuring positions for each measure. The measuring position was not critical for all competition measures except the percent full sunlight measured by the ceptometer, for which the middle position was much better. When assessed at their preferred positions, the four competition measures ranked as follows: (i) percent cover derived from hemispherical photographs or percent full sunlight measured by the ceptometer; (ii) gap light index derived from hemispherical photographs; and (iii) visually estimated percent cover of vegetation.

scholarly journals A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Martin M. Kwiaton ◽  
Jian R. Wang ◽  
Douglas E.B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.

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