scholarly journals La multinationalisation des pétrolières canadiennes

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Jorge Niosi
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global Activity

ABSTRACT Canadian foreign direct investment in the oil and gaz industry has been growing at a very rapid pace during the seventies and early eighties. Traditionnally oriented towards the United States, it is now flowring towards the United Kingdom and other North Sea Countries, the Mediterranean, Indonesia and Australia. Increasing oil prices and profits, mainly in international operations, explain the growth of many Canadian independent. These international firms are not already truly multinationals: they produce oil and/or gaz in two to four countries, but the extent of their exploration and development activities is leading them towards a more global activity. The article is organized into three sections. In the first section the patterns of ownership and control in the Canadian industry is shown, including the emergence of local companies and the "Canadianization" process of the seventies; in the second one, the multinational expansion of Canadian firms is analyzed using agregate data; in the final section the main results are summarized and some forecasts are made on the future evolution of Canada emerging oil multinationals.

Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 65 The Saudi-led Military Intervention in Yemen’s Civil War—2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferro Luca ◽  
Ruys Tom
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Empty Shell ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Proportionality Test

This chapter addresses the intervention in Yemen’s civil war launched by Saudi Arabia on 26 March 2015. The intervention was supported by Gulf Cooperation Council and other Arab countries, and received technical and logistical support from the United States and the United Kingdom. After retracing the origin and development of the internal conflict, the contribution provides an overview of the legal positions of its main protagonists and the reaction (or lack thereof) by other States. Closer scrutiny of the operation’s legality nonetheless reveals that the self-defence justification, which is primarily relied upon, does not provide a convincing legal basis. Moreover, the intervention is problematical from the perspective of the intervention by invitation doctrine and exposes its indeterminacy and proneness to abuse. As a result, the authors argue in the final section that if the concept of ‘counter-intervention’ (as a possible exception to the prohibition on intervention during civil war) is to be more than an empty shell, it should be subject to a proportionality test.

scholarly journals Rapid implementation of mobile technology for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6497) ◽  
pp. 1362-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Drew ◽  
Long H. Nguyen ◽  
Claire J. Steves ◽  
Cristina Menni ◽  
Maxim Freydin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Scale Data

The rapid pace of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents challenges to the robust collection of population-scale data to address this global health crisis. We established the COronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology (COPE) Consortium to unite scientists with expertise in big data research and epidemiology to develop the COVID Symptom Study, previously known as the COVID Symptom Tracker, mobile application. This application—which offers data on risk factors, predictive symptoms, clinical outcomes, and geographical hotspots—was launched in the United Kingdom on 24 March 2020 and the United States on 29 March 2020 and has garnered more than 2.8 million users as of 2 May 2020. Our initiative offers a proof of concept for the repurposing of existing approaches to enable rapidly scalable epidemiologic data collection and analysis, which is critical for a data-driven response to this public health challenge.

Development and Application of Medium Speed Gas Burning Engines

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lowe ◽  
P. T. Brandham
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
And Control

The discovery of North Sea natural gas has provided a test facility not previously available in the United Kingdom which has enabled the development of natural-gas burning engines, also suitable for overseas markets, to proceed at a rapid pace. The development of such a medium speed gaseous fuel engine is described, with details of the methods used to obtain the desired operating characteristics of gas–air mixing and mixture strength, ignition timing and control of changeover from one fuel to the other; some typical applications of this type of engine are given.

scholarly journals Between security and convenience: Facial recognition technology in the eyes of citizens in China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 096366252110015
Author(s):  
Genia Kostka ◽  
Léa Steinacker ◽  
Miriam Meckel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
State Surveillance ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Acceptance Model ◽  
And Control

How does the public perceive facial recognition technology and how much do they accept facial recognition technology in different political contexts? Based on online surveys resembling the Internet-connected population in China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, our study finds that facial recognition technology enjoys generally highest acceptance among respondents in China, while acceptance is lowest in Germany, and the United Kingdom and the United States are in between. A closer examination through the lens of an integrated technology acceptance model reveals interesting variations in the selected four countries based, among other factors, on socio-demographic factors as well as perceived consequences, usefulness, and reliability of facial recognition technology. While previous research has pointed out that facial recognition technology is an instrument for state surveillance and control, this study shows that surveillance and control are not foremost on the minds of citizens in China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but rather notions of convenience and improved security.

The Rise, the Fall, and the Reinvention of the Prison Ethnography

2021 ◽  
pp. 529-552
Author(s):  
Jill A. McCorkel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the emergence, maturation, and subsequent decline of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails in the United States. It provides a summary and overview of classic and contemporary prison ethnographies and identifies key issues and themes that animate qualitative research on prisons and carceral facilities. These include questions about the forms that punishment, surveillance, and control take, the ways that incarcerated men and women experience, resist, and make sense of the conditions of confinement, and the impact incarceration has for their relationships with families, communities, and one another. The chapter considers the dramatic reduction in the number of ethnographic studies of prisons and jails at century’s end and identifies how punitive policies associated with mass incarceration made it all but impossible for ethnographers to gain entry to carceral institutions. Contemporary ethnographers have reinvented the form by documenting practices and ideologies of control in alternate carceral spaces including visiting rooms, drug treatment programs, and group homes. A summary of recent work is included, along with a review of the ways that contemporary ethnographers foreground issues related to race and gender inequality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of prison ethnography in Europe where ethnographers enjoy greater access to carceral facilities and have considerable influence over public policy. For comparative purposes, I include a summary of ethnographic research from Ireland, the United Kingdom, and France.

The House, the Senate and the Media Ownership Bill: An ‘Unacceptable Three-Way Control Situation’?

2003 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Wilding
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Control Situation ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Control

Over the past year media ownership and control have been at the forefront of media policy debates in the United States and the United Kingdom. In Australia, the Media Ownership Bill was debated — and defeated in the Senate — in the last week of June. The Bill seeks to remove many of the regulations on ownership and control in the Australian media. It is expected to return to the Senate later this year and has been lipped as one of the handful of triggers for a double dissolution. In this article Derek Wilding provides an outline of the Bill following a number of recent amendments, as well as the key policy issues and points of contention in this long-running debate on diversity, convergence and media influence.

scholarly journals Identifying Outcomes Important to Patients with Glomerular Disease and Their Caregivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Carter ◽  
Talia Gutman ◽  
Charlotte Logeman ◽  
Dan Cattran ◽  
Liz Lightstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Nominal Group Technique ◽  
The United States ◽  
Glomerular Disease ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Family Impact ◽  
Importance Score ◽  
Future Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
And Control

Background and objectivesShared decision making in patients with glomerular disease remains challenging because outcomes important to patients remain largely unknown. We aimed to identify and prioritize outcomes important to patients and caregivers and to describe reasons for their choices.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe purposively sampled adult patients with glomerular disease and their caregivers from Australia, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants identified, discussed, and ranked outcomes in focus groups using the nominal group technique; a relative importance score (between zero and one) was calculated. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically.ResultsAcross 16 focus groups, 134 participants (range, 19–85 years old; 51% women), including 101 patients and 33 caregivers, identified 58 outcomes. The ten highest-ranked outcomes were kidney function (importance score of 0.42), mortality (0.29), need for dialysis or transplant (0.22), life participation (0.18), fatigue (0.17), anxiety (0.13), family impact (0.12), infection and immunity (0.12), ability to work (0.11), and BP (0.11). Three themes explained the reasons for these rankings: constraining day-to-day experience, impaired agency and control over health, and threats to future health and family.ConclusionsPatients with glomerular disease and their caregivers highly prioritize kidney health and survival, but they also prioritize life participation, fatigue, anxiety, and family impact.

scholarly journals Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Strategies in Six Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqian Chen ◽  
Leiyu Shi ◽  
Yuyao Zhang ◽  
Xiaohan Wang ◽  
Jun Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
And Control ◽  
Close Contacts

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of containment strategies and mitigation strategies to provide a reference for controlling the ongoing global spread of the pandemic.Methods: We extracted publicly available data from various official websites between January 1 and December 31, 2020, summarized the strategies implemented in China, South Korea, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, and assessed the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures adopted by these countries with the daily new cases and mortality rate per 100,000 population.Results: China, South Korea, and Singapore adopted containment strategies, which maintained a proactive approach by identifying and managing cases, tracking and isolating close contacts. China and Singapore had a similar epidemic curve and the new daily cases. As of December 31, 2020, the new daily cases of China and Singapore were below 100 with the mortality rates per 100,000 population of 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. But the new daily case of South Korea was as high as 1,029, with a mortality rate per 100,000 population of 1.8. In contrast, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France responded with mitigation strategies that focus on treating severe cases and those with underlying conditions. They had similar epidemic curves and mortality rates per 100,000 population. The United States had up to 234,133 new confirmed cases per day, and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 107, while the United Kingdom had 56,029 new confirmed cases per day and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 108, and France had 20,042 new cases per day, with a mortality rate per 100,000 population of 99.Conclusions: China, Korea, and Singapore, which implemented strict containment measures, had significant outbreak control. Meanwhile, the successful practices in China, Singapore, and South Korea show that the containment strategies were practices that work especially at the individual level identifying and managing the infected patients and their close contacts. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which implemented the mitigation policies, the effect of epidemic prevention and control was not significant that the epidemic continued or even increased epidemic relatively quickly.

Small Firms and Offshore Software Outsourcing

2008 ◽  
pp. 3721-3745
Author(s):  
Erran Carmel ◽  
Brian Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Offshore Outsourcing ◽  
Software Outsourcing ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Client Firm ◽  
Contract Costs ◽  
And Control

It seems surprising that small firms engage in offshore outsourcing given that they lack the resources that large firms possess to overcome the difficulties involved. We examine these factors using transaction cost theory’s three stages: contact costs, contract costs, and control costs. Then, using our field data from small client firms (in the United States and the United Kingdom), intermediaries, and offshore vendors, we analyze the mitigation approaches that reduce transaction costs for small firms. We identify nine such approaches: three for client firms and six for suppliers. For the small client firm, they are liaisons of knowledge flows, gaining experience, and overcoming opportunism; and, for the service providers, they are onshore presence, reducing contact costs, simplifying contracting, providing control channels, expert intermediaries, and standardization of services.

Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 62 Threats of and Actual Military Strikes Against Syria—2013 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lagerwall Anne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the threats of military intervention expressed by the United States, the United Kingdom and France in reaction to the use of chemical weapons during an attack in the Ghouta area of Damascus in 2013 as well as the military strikes launched by the United States following the use of chemical weapons during an attack in the Khan Sheikhun area of Southern Idlib in 2017. After recalling the facts and context of the Syrian crisis, it studies the legal positions of the main protagonists (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) and the reactions of third States and international organisations. The final section analyses the envisaged and actual intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It argues that targeting the military assets of a sovereign State as a reaction to violations of international law that this State has supposedly committed is far from being unanimously accepted from a legal point of view.

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