scholarly journals Big Data's Call to Philosophers of Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-322
Author(s):  
Jane Blanken-Webb
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Holistic Process ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coming To Know ◽  
Theory Of Inquiry

This paper investigates the intersection of big data and philosophy of education by considering big data’s potential for addressing learning via a holistic process of coming-to-know. Learning, in this sense, cannot be reduced to the difference between a pre- and post-test, for example, as it is constituted at least as much by qualities of experience as it is the situation, process of inquiry and its consequences. Long a perennial concern of philosophers of education, the author suggests that big data offers a budding opportunity for philosophers to engage in dialogue with empirical research in order to better understand the process of learning as coming-to-know. Drawing on John Dewey’s theory of inquiry and his philosophy of experience, the author demonstrates ways that both empirical and philosophical research stands to benefit from cross-dialogue. In offering an unprecedented glimpse of empirical detail, the author proposes that big data stands to afford new insights into this most complex human process and that Dewey’s philosophy offers a vital lens of interpretation that can help philosophers of education to make use of this data in addressing the perennial question of how humans come-to-know.

scholarly journals Pre-post effect sizes should be avoided in meta-analyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cuijpers ◽  
E. Weitz ◽  
I. A. Cristea ◽  
J. Twisk
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Highly Cited

AimsThe standardised mean difference (SMD) is one of the most used effect sizes to indicate the effects of treatments. It indicates the difference between a treatment and comparison group after treatment has ended, in terms of standard deviations. Some meta-analyses, including several highly cited and influential ones, use the pre-post SMD, indicating the difference between baseline and post-test within one (treatment group).MethodsIn this paper, we argue that these pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses and we describe the arguments why pre-post SMDs can result in biased outcomes.ResultsOne important reason why pre-post SMDs should be avoided is that the scores on baseline and post-test are not independent of each other. The value for the correlation should be used in the calculation of the SMD, while this value is typically not known. We used data from an ‘individual patient data’ meta-analysis of trials comparing cognitive behaviour therapy and anti-depressive medication, to show that this problem can lead to considerable errors in the estimation of the SMDs. Another even more important reason why pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses is that they are influenced by natural processes and characteristics of the patients and settings, and these cannot be discerned from the effects of the intervention. Between-group SMDs are much better because they control for such variables and these variables only affect the between group SMD when they are related to the effects of the intervention.ConclusionsWe conclude that pre-post SMDs should be avoided in meta-analyses as using them probably results in biased outcomes.

Effect of Ultrasound and Calf Stretching in relieving Gastrocnemius Tightness in subjects with Plantar Fascitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 3025-3028
Author(s):  
Sowmya M V ◽  
Nandhini S ◽  
Manigandan V
Keyword(s):  
Functional Ability ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
P Value ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gastrocnemius Tightness

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound and calf stretching in subjects with gastrocnemius tightness in plantar fascitis to reduce pain and improve functional ability. Method: 30 patients with plantar fascitis selected from Saveetha college of physiotherapy and rehabilitation center (SPARC) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were treated with ultrasound therapy and calf stretching. The pre and post test values of pain and functional ability was be calculated using Silfverskiold test and Foot Function Index as an outcome measure. Results: The mean value and standard errors were calculated for different variables and the difference in mean value was tested for statistical significance using paired t test. P value of <0.0001 was considered as statistically significant. Conclusion: From the statistical analysis and graphical interpretation the final derived results concluded that combined therapy of ultrasound and calf stretching is found to be effective in relieving gastrocnemius tightness in patient suffering with plantar fascitis and it can be used to improve the functional activities.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of the Use of Animation in Arabic Language Learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhayati Che Hat ◽  
Mohd Fauzi Abdul Hamid ◽  
Shaferul Hafes Sha'ari ◽  
Safawati Basirah Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Aid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Implementation of animation as an Arabic language teaching aid is an innovation in creating an atmosphere that can influence student achievement. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the use of animation in Arabic language teaching and learning among diploma students at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 66 diploma students were randomly selected and divided into experimental group (n = 33) and control group (n = 33). The results obtained from the data collected from pre-and post-test for each group were analyzed using t-test in SPSS version 17.0. The results showed a significant difference of (t = 8789, df = 64, p <0.05) between the achievement of the experimental group and the control group in the post test. The difference in mean score of the experimental group and the control group was 33.03. This shows that there is significant improvement in Arabic language according to the groups. The difference prove that the use of animation in learning sessions contribute to the achievement of students in the Arabic language. This study advocate the idea that animation applications can be integrated as part of language teaching aid to positively improve student achievement, classroom learning environment and student motivation. 

scholarly journals An Interpretation of Recent Research on Exchange Rate Target Zones

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars E. O Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Target Zones ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exchange Rate Target Zones ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Central Bank Interventions

How do exchange rate bands work compared to completely fixed rates (between realignments); or, more precisely, what are the dynamics of exchange rates, interest rates, and central bank interventions within exchange rate bands? Does the difference between bands and completely fixed exchange rates matter, and if so, which of the two arrangements is best; or, more precisely, what are the tradeoffs that determine the optimal bandwidth? This article will present an interpretation of some selected recent theoretical and empirical research on exchange rate target zones, with emphasis on main ideas and results and without technical detail.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL COOPERATIVE LEARNING TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN LAY-UP SHOOT BOLA BASKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi Sofyan
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence the cooperative learning model type student team's achievement division has on basketball shoot lay-up skills. The research method used in this research is a quasi-experimental method. The type of research design used was the non-equivalent group design. The population in this study were students of class XI SMA Negeri 1 Majalengka in 2019 totaling 424 students. The sampling technique used in this study was cluster random sampling technique. The sample in this study amounted to 214 students consisting of class XI IPS 1-4 and XI MIPA 7-8. The experimental group class XI IPS 1-2 and XI MIPA, control group class XI IPS 3-4 and XI MIPA 8. The results showed that the mean pre-test lay-up shoot of the experimental group was 4.09 while the control group was 3.92. The mean post-test shoot lay-up of the experimental group was 6.76 while the control group was 4.72. Furthermore, by looking at 95% confidence interval of the difference, there is a difference between the shoot lay-up results of the experimental group and the control group, which is -0.190 to 2.412. Thus, it can be concluded that STAD is effective in improving basketball shoot lay-up skills.

scholarly journals TEACHING WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT BY USING COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Indra Rizki ◽  
Deyan Nouvaldi ◽  
Yanuarti Apsari
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
Writing Ability ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

Writing is an important skill that should  be mastered by English learner. This research deals with teaching writing narrative text by using Collaborative Learning Approach (round table technique) and Scientific Approach. The subjects of this research were X RPL 1 as experimental class and X RPL 3 as control class. Both classes consist of 33 students. The objectives of this research are to know wheter or not the difference between students’ writing ability who were taught by using Collaborative Learning. This research employs the quasi experimental design. The instrument of this ressearch are writing test (pre-test and post test), observation, and interview. The data were analyzed by using statistical product and service solution (SPSS) 25 which through the normality and mann whitney process. The findings showed that the calculation result of gain score showed that the significance value was lower than 0.05 (0.0049 < 0.05) which means there is a difference between students who were taught by Collaborative Learning and those who were taught by using Scientific Approach. Keywords:  Writing, Narrative, Collaborative Learning, Round Table Technique

scholarly journals Manfaat Rendaman Air Hangat dan Garam dalam Menurunkan Derajat Edema Kaki Ibu Hamil Trimester III

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Sawitry Sawitry ◽  
Fitria Hikmatul Ulya ◽  
Elisabet Jemsi Adepatiloy
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leg Edema

ABSTRAK Edema kaki terjadi hampir 80% dari semua kehamilan dan dapat menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan selama kehamilan seperti nyeri, merasa berat, kram pada malam hari, penebalan kulit, dan pigmentasi. Salah satu intervensi non farmakologis untuk mengurangi edema adalah rendaman air hangat dan garam yang merupakan intervensi untuk menghilangkan edema pada ekstremitas bawah  selama kehamilan. Menganalisis  pengaruh rendaman air hangat dan garam  terhadap edema kaki ibu hamil trimester III. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode quasy eksperimental one group pre test post test desaign. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 16 ibu hamil Trimester III dengan teknik accidental sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon. Terjadi penurunan tingkat edema kaki pada ibu hamil dengan selisih nilai tengah edema kaki sebelum 4,00 dan setelah perlakuan sebesar 0,00  .Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan ρ value 0,000. Ada pengaruh rendaman air hangat dan garam  terhadap edema kaki ibu hamil trimester III. Kata Kunci : rendaman air hangat dan garam; edema; tungkai bawah ; ibu hamil.  THE EFFECT OF WARM WATER AND SALT IMMERSION IN DECLINING LEG EDEMA OF THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANT WOMEN  ABSTRACT Edema of the legs occurs in almost 80% of all pregnancies and can cause discomfort during pregnancy such as pain, feeling heavy, cramps at night, skin thickening, and pigmentation. One of the non-pharmacological interventions to reduce edema is soaking in warm water and salt which is an intervention to relieve edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy. This study was to determine the effect of warm water and salt immersion in declining leg edema of third trimester pregnant women. This quantitative research used quasy experimental method one group pre test post test desaign. The total samples were 16 respondents with purposive sampling and random sampling techniques. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test. The difference in the mean value of leg edema before 4.00 and after treatment was 0.00. The Wilcoxon test showed ρ value of 0.000. There is an effect of warm water and salt immersion on leg edema of third trimester pregnant women.   Keywords: warm water and salt soaking; edema; lower limbs; pregnant mother

scholarly journals Improvement of Physical, Honesty, Discipline and Cooperation in Class IV Elementary School Students through Circuit Training Learning Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Dean Novianti ◽  
I Made Sriundy Mahardika ◽  
Abdul Rachman Tuasikal
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
School Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
Experimental Group

Physical education program for sport and health allocates four lesson hour of which each hour consists of 35 minutes in one week. It requires an innovative and efficient learning model in order to improve physical fitness, honesty, discipline, and cooperation. The researcher developes a circuit training learning model in the from circuit games which is a modified form of circuit training. The study aim to examine the effectiveness of the circuit training learning model in improving physical fitness, honesty, discipline, and cooperation in students of Elementary School Sidoarjo. The type of research used is quantitative and qualitative by using research and development method, and data analysis using ANOVA. The data collection process is carried out by pre-test and post-test and then the results of the research data are analyzed using SPSS series 2.0. The results of the study shows (1) the sig value of 0,011 smaller than the 0,05 ( p< 0,05 ), meaning that there is the difference in the results of the TKJ I test on groups of students who are not treated compared to the group of students who are given the learning model. (2) the average group of students who are not given the treatment (control group) is 12,50 while for the group of students         given treatment (experimental group) is 15,15, meaning that there is an increase in test results againts the experimental group at 45%, (4) there is an increase in the observations of the discipline attitude from the control group compared to the experimental group at 35 %, (5) there is an increase in the observations of the discipline attitudes of the control group compared to the experimental group at 55%. Based on the above analysis it can be cocluded that the circuit training learning model can improve physical fitness and cultivate honesty, discipline and cooperattion in students of Elementary School.  

scholarly journals Impact of educational intervention on knowledge regarding safe handling of cytotoxic drugs among the nursing personnel working in BPKIHS

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Dev Kumari Shrestha (Rai) ◽  
S Lama ◽  
A Badu ◽  
G N Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Cytotoxic Drugs ◽  
Nursing Personnel ◽  
Drug Preparation ◽  
Safe Handling ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hazardous Drugs

Introduction: Cytotoxic drugs are toxic compounds and are known to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and/or teratogenic potential. It is also considered as hazardous drugs. With direct contact they may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and ulceration and necrosis of tissue. Safe handling refers to the process in which health care workers adhere to evidence-based practices (EBP) set forth by national organizations that have been designed to eliminate or significantly reduce occupational exposure. The key to safe handling is to protect the health care worker throughout the three phases of contact with the hazardous drugs. These phases are drug preparation, administration and disposal.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of education in enhancing the knowledge regarding safe handling of cytotoxic drugs among nursing personnel working at BPKIHS.Methods: Fifty nurses were taken as sample from selected ward of BPKIHS. One group pretest post test design was used by using population enumeration methods.Results: The overall mean score of knowledge on safe handling cytotoxic drugs of the respondents were 35.3 in the pre-test which increased to 83.7 in the post-test after an educational intervention. The difference was significant (p<0.001).Conclusion: Thus, the study's findings highlighted that there was a significant improvement in knowledge of the staffs after educational intervention. The educational intervention was very effective to improve the knowledge of the staffs. Health Renaissance 2015;13 (1): 

scholarly journals Pre and Post test Clinical study to evaluate the Immunomodulatory effect (IgE) of Virecana followed by Citrakaharitaki Leha in Allergic Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Jyotish S Jayandan ◽  
James Chacko ◽  
Devipriya Soman ◽  
Mahesh C Kundagol
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Difference

Allergic Asthma is one among the diseases which imposes a great burden on the subjects by hampering the quality of life of patients, reducing productivity, and causing work absence. The literary search hinted that there are no published works reporting both clinical and immunological(IgE) outcomes in Allergic Asthma. So the present study was a pre and post test clinical study to evaluate the effect of Ayurvedic line of management in inducing both immunological(IgE) and clinical outcomes in Allergic Asthma. In this study 30 patients were administered classical Virecana Karma (drug induced purgation) followed by Shamanoushadi (internal medicine) for 30 days. Statistical Analysis was done using SPSS VER. 20. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate the Subjective parameters, in order to interpret the time of significant change. For objective parameters Paired Samples t- Test was used to evaluate the difference of significant change. The results showed improvement in the subjective criteria, objective criteria and the overall effect of the therapy with the exception of no statistically significant results in immunomodulatory (IgE) effect which proves that the particular management protocol adopted is found to be clinically efficant but not effective in inducing changes at the immune level.

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