scholarly journals Establishing and Financing of a Joint Venture

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-819
Author(s):  
Norman Scott
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
United Nations Economic Commission ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
East West

This article deals with a Guide prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning east-west joint ventures. The publication focusses on the issues arising in the establishment and operation of east-west joint ventures in those European members countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) which now allow this form of industrial co-operation in their respective territories — namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. In parallel with that Guide, the author exposes the importance and the contents of the contract itself with its main provisions.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 988-989 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
International Specialization ◽  
Set Up

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) held its seventeenth session in Bucharest on December 74–20, 1962, attended by delegates from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. A communiqué stated that a permanent currency and finance commission had been set up under the Council to develop cooperation in those fields among COMECON member countries, that international specialization and “socialist division of labor” among members had increased, and that during the first nine months of 7962 over-all trade among member countries had risen by 15 percent and trade in machinery and industrial equipment by 24 percent. The communiqué noted that the COMECON countries were now largely self-sufficient in certain raw materials, manufactures, etc., notably lignite, hard coal, oil and oil products, fertilizers, grain, machinery and industrial equipment, and timber.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-564
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Eastern European Economy

The terms of a protocol signed by the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Rumania in January, 1949, when they formed the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance were released on June 3, 1949. Under the provisions of the agreement the Council was established to coordinate eastern European economy, standardize industrial production of member nations, provide mutual aid through trade, exchange of experience, loans and investments, for a period of twenty years.

Energy in East Europe Through 1980

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-306
Author(s):  
V. V. Strishkov ◽  
G. Markon ◽  
Z. E. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
Political Economic

Eastern Europe is the world’s largest and most tightly knit multinational economic bloc. It is largest in population although its per capita energy output and industrial production lag considerably behind that of other industrial countries. Originally comprised of eight Soviet satelite states welded together by a common political-economic system patterned after that of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe now includes Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, which are members of the SEV (Soviet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi, known as Comecon-Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), a highly integrated multinational group. Albania and Yugoslavia, both socialist economies of widely divergent philosophies, are not members of the SEV, although Yugoslavia’s specific status is defined by agreement formalized in 1964. The agreement laid the foundation for Yugoslav participation within the group (it has observer status in half of the Comecon’s 24 Commissions) and cooperation.

The Intra and Inter Industry Trade of Cuba (2000-2014)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-104
Author(s):  
Jorge Alberto Lopez-Arevalo ◽  
Francisco Garcia-Fernandez ◽  
Rafael Alejandro Vaquera-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Manufactured Goods

The aim of this study is to analyze Cuba’s foreign trade with three main partners during the so-called Special Period, a result from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. With the absence of the Mutual Economic Assistance Council (MEAC), Cuba had to make structural changes in its economy and foreign trade. A center-periphery model of doing business between Cuba and its trade partners was implemented. Under this model, China became Cuba’s main supplier of manufactured goods and Cuba supplied raw materials. Foreign trade in Cuba was limited due to the economic embargo from the United States. Nowadays, the relation between these two countries has become more of a trading collaboration. The United States has turned into one of Cuba’s main food suppliers, while Cuba exports art pieces and antiquities to that country. Russia also became a main exporter of manufactured goods and machinery to Cuba, just as China. In return, Cuba is sending raw materials to both of those countries.

The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-30
Author(s):  
Michael De Groot
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
World Market ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
East European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Oil Crisis

Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.

Beyond socialist camaraderie. Cross-border railway between German Democratic Republic, Poland and Soviet Union (1950s–60s)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Flade
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Mutual Economic ◽  
East European ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Mutual Economic Assistance ◽  
Major Bottleneck

In order to facilitate cross-border railway transport between socialist countries in Eastern Europe, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and later the Organisation for Cooperation of Railways were established in 1949 and 1956. Joint planning, standardisation and tariff policy were the main fields of cooperation. The paper focuses on the struggles between Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and Organisation for Cooperation of Railways member countries regarding transit tariffs for cross-border freight shipments. These struggles, dragging on for more than three decades, reveal the economic interests of individual member countries and the limitations of socialist foreign trade (and alleged friendship). This study argues that despite of political declarations and the establishment of socialist international organisations, the East European railways became a major bottleneck in intrabloc trade.

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