scholarly journals Translating with an Injured Brain: Neurolinguistic Aspects of Translation as Revealed by Bilinguals with Cerebral Lesions

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo M. García
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Neurolinguistic Aspects

Despite significant progress in the psycholinguistic study of translation, research on its neurological underpinnings has been limited and sparse. Translation scholars have recently taken an interest in relevant neuroscientific evidence, focusing on imaging studies. This paper addresses the issue by considering an equally important body of data: clinical evidence. Specifically, a hypothesis-driven analysis is offered of 21 cases of brain-lesioned bilinguals exhibiting translation disorders. Three neurofunctional and three neuroanatomical hypotheses are derived from the Revised Hierarchical Model and the Declarative/Procedural Model, respectively. Consistent with relevant predictions, the evidence suggests that there are neurofunctionally independent routes for translation, as opposed to monolingual speech production; backward, as opposed to forward, translation; and form-based, as opposed to conceptually mediated, translation. Available data further indicates that word and sentence translation are critically subserved by posterior brain areas implicated in declarative memory, and by frontobasal areas implicated in procedural memory, respectively. In addition, translation routes appear to be entirely left-lateralized.

Working, Declarative, and Procedural Memory in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 4162-4178
Author(s):  
Emily Jackson ◽  
Suze Leitão ◽  
Mary Claessen ◽  
Mark Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Spatial

Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180

THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY ASSESSMENTS USED IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Joshua Buffington ◽  
Alexander P. Demos ◽  
Kara Morgan-Short
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Serial Reaction Time Task ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Serial Reaction

Abstract Evidence for the role of procedural memory in second language (L2) acquisition has emerged in our field. However, little is known about the reliability and validity of the procedural memory measures used in this research. The present study (N = 119) examined the reliability and the convergent and discriminant validity of three assessments that have previously been used to examine procedural memory learning ability in L2 acquisition, the dual-task Weather Prediction Task (DT-WPT), the Alternating Serial Reaction Time Task (ASRT), and the Tower of London (TOL). Measures of declarative memory learning ability were also collected. For reliability, the DT-WPT and TOL tasks met acceptable standards. For validity, an exploratory factor analysis did not provide evidence for convergent validity, but the ASRT and the TOL showed reasonable discriminant validity with declarative memory measures. We argue that the ASRT may provide the purest engagement of procedural memory learning ability, although more reliable dependent measures for this task should be considered. The Serial Reaction Time task also appears promising, although we recommend further consideration of this task as the present analyses were post hoc and based on a smaller sample. We discuss these results regarding the assessment of procedural memory learning ability as well as implications for implicit language aptitude.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effects of Seizures on Procedural Memory Performance in Patients with Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Frank J. van Schalkwijk ◽  
Walter R. Gruber ◽  
Laurie A. Miller ◽  
Eugen Trinka ◽  
Yvonne Höller
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Memory complaints are frequently reported by patients with epilepsy and are associated with seizure occurrence. Yet, the direct effects of seizures on memory retention are difficult to assess given their unpredictability. Furthermore, previous investigations have predominantly assessed declarative memory. This study evaluated within-subject effects of seizure occurrence on retention and consolidation of a procedural motor sequence learning task in patients with epilepsy undergoing continuous monitoring for five consecutive days. Of the total sample of patients considered for analyses (N = 53, Mage = 32.92 ± 13.80 y, range = 18–66 y; 43% male), 15 patients experienced seizures and were used for within-patient analyses. Within-patient contrasts showed general improvements over seizure-free (day + night) and seizure-affected retention periods. Yet, exploratory within-subject contrasts for patients diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 10) showed that only seizure-free retention periods resulted in significant improvements, as no performance changes were observed following seizure-affected retention. These results indicate general performance improvements and offline consolidation of procedural memory during the day and night. Furthermore, these results suggest the relevance of healthy temporal lobe functioning for successful consolidation of procedural information, as well as the importance of seizure control for effective retention and consolidation of procedural memory.

scholarly journals Developmental dissociation between the maturation of procedural memory and declarative memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 212-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy S. Finn ◽  
Priya B. Kalra ◽  
Calvin Goetz ◽  
Julia A. Leonard ◽  
Margaret A. Sheridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory

Implicit Memory and Aging

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Was ◽  
Dan J. Woltz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Explicit Memory ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Communications Technologies

There is clear evidence that aging has an effect on memory. However, not all memory processes suffer as one ages. In the current chapter, the authors review the distinctions between explicit memory (i.e., effortful storage and retrieval of information) and implicit memory (i.e., learning and memory that do not require conscious effort). They then review the evidence indicating that implicit memory does not decline at the same rate as explicit memory. They authors then discuss the possibility of using implicit memory processes (e.g. procedural memory), to aid explicit memory processes (e.g., declarative memory). Finally, they discuss the need and the opportunity to incorporate information and communications technologies into the lives of older adults in order to support memory and learning.

scholarly journals Acoustic closed-loop stimulation during sleep improves consolidation of reward-related memory information in healthy children but not in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Prehn-Kristensen ◽  
Hong-Viet V Ngo ◽  
Luisa Lentfer ◽  
Julia Berghäuser ◽  
Lena Brandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Back Task

Abstract Study Objectives Slow oscillations (SO) during slow-wave sleep foster the consolidation of declarative memory. Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in the sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory, possibly due to an altered function of SO. The present study aimed at enhancing SO activity using closed-looped acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep in children with ADHD. Methods A total of 29 male children (14 with ADHD; aged 8–12 years) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study trial. Children spent two experimental nights in a sleep lab, one stimulation night and one sham night. A declarative learning task (word-pair learning) with a reward condition was used as a primary outcome. Secondary outcome variables were a procedural memory (serial reaction time) and working memory (WM; n-back) task. Encoding of declarative and procedural memory took place in the evening before sleep. After sleep, the retrieval took place followed by the n-back task. Results The stimulation successfully induced SO activity during sleep in children with and without ADHD. After stimulation, only healthy children performed better on high-rewarded memory items (primary outcome). In contrast, there were indications that only children with ADHD benefitted from the stimulation with respect to procedural as well as WM performance (secondary outcome). Conclusions We were able to show that the acoustic closed-loop stimulation can be applied to enhance SO activity in children with and without ADHD. Our data indicate that SO activity during sleep interacts with subsequent memory performance (primary outcome: rewarded declarative memory; secondary outcome: procedural and WM) in children with and without ADHD.

Preservation of Cognitive Procedural Memory in a Case of Korsakoff's Syndrome: Methodological and Theoretical Insights

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Beaunieux ◽  
Béatrice Desgranges ◽  
Catherine Lalevée ◽  
Vincent De La Sayette ◽  
Bernard Lechevalier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Korsakoff’S Syndrome ◽  
Tower Of Hanoi ◽  
Procedural Task ◽  
Korsakoff's Syndrome

Using the Tower of Hanoï puzzle, Butters, et al. in 1985 illustrated the difficulties in learning the procedure and questioned the suitability of this task for the assessment of the cognitive procedural memory in Korsakoff's syndrome. Our objective, in the light of these criticisms, was to show preservation of cognitive procedural capacities with the Tower of Hanoï for a man (P.F.) who was suffering from alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. For this procedural task, some aids helped to compensate in part for the difficulties with declarative memory and with working memory. In this condition, P.F. was able to learn the cognitive procedure. This study suggests that cognitive procedural memory may be preserved in some patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome and that this may be shown when a suitable task is used The result makes it possible to discuss the interaction between declarative and procedural knowledge in the solving of the Tower of Hanoï.

scholarly journals The gap junction blocker mefloquine impairs sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon B. Feld ◽  
Hong-Viet Ngo ◽  
Ernesto Durán ◽  
Sandra Gebhardt ◽  
Lisa Kleist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Electrical Synapses ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Healthy Humans

AbstractDuring sleep, the time-compressed replay of engrams acquired during preceding wakefulness drives memory consolidation. We demonstrate in healthy humans that direct electrical coupling between neurons via gap junctions, i.e., electrical synapses, contributes to this beneficial effect of sleep. Twenty male participants learned a declarative word-pair task and a procedural finger sequence tapping task before receiving the antimalarial mefloquine that is known to block electrical synapses. Retrieval was tested after a retention interval of approximately 20.5 hours that included nocturnal sleep. As predicted, mefloquine given before sleep impaired the retention of declarative memory. In contrast, this effect was absent in control groups, which stayed awake or received mefloquine after sleep. Irrespective of sleep or administration time, mefloquine enhanced retention performance on the procedural memory control task. We conclude that sleep-dependent processes relying on electrical neuronal coupling enable hippocampus-dependent declarative memory consolidation, presumably via time-compressed hippocampal replay of memory traces within sharp-wave/ripple complexes. The recruitment of this understudied form of neuronal information transfer may be necessary to achieve fast-paced memory reprocessing during sleep. Considering that drugs targeting neurochemical synapses have recently fallen short of substantially advancing the treatment of memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia or during normal aging, unraveling the contribution of gap junctions to sleep-dependent declarative memory formation can be expected to open new therapeutic avenues.Significance statementSleep supports the strengthening and transformation of memory content via the active replay of previously encoded engrams. Surprisingly, blocking neurochemical synaptic transmission does not impair this function of sleep. Here we demonstrate that the direct electrical coupling between neurons via electrical synapses (gap junctions) is essential for the sleep-dependent formation of declarative memory, i.e., memory for episodes and facts. These findings are in line with the assumption that electrical synapses enable time-compressed neuronal firing patterns that emerge during sleep and drive declarative memory consolidation. Electrical synapses have so far not been linked to higher-order brain functions in humans; their contribution to sleep-dependent memory processing may provide a novel target for sleep-related clinical interventions.

scholarly journals Disruption of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Facilitates the Consolidation of Procedural Skills

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Galea ◽  
Neil B. Albert ◽  
Thomas Ditye ◽  
R. Chris Miall
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

In explicit sequence learning tasks, an improvement in performance (skill) typically occurs after sleep—leading to the recent literature on sleep-dependent motor consolidation. Consolidation can also be facilitated during wakefulness if declarative knowledge for the sequence is reduced through a secondary cognitive task. Accordingly, declarative and procedural consolidation processes appear to mutually interact. Here we used TMS to test the hypothesis that functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that support declarative memory formation indirectly reduce the formation of procedural representations. We hypothesize that disrupting the DLPFC immediately after sequence learning would degrade the retention or the consolidation of the sequence within the declarative memory system and thus facilitate consolidation within procedural memory systems, evident as wakeful off-line skill improvement. Inhibitory theta-burst TMS was applied to the left DLPFC (n = 10), to the right DLPFC (n = 10), or to an occipital cortical control site (n = 10) immediately after training on the serial reaction time task (SRTT). All groups were retested after eight daytime hours without sleep. TMS of either left or right DLPFC lead to skill improvements on the SRTT. Increase in skill was greater following right DLPFC stimulation than left DLPFC stimulation; there was no improvement in skill for the control group. Across all participants, free recall of the sequence was inversely related to the improvements in performance on the SRTT. These results support the hypothesis of interference between declarative and procedural consolidation processes and are discussed in the framework of the interactions between memory systems.

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