scholarly journals On Describing Similarity and Measuring Equivalence in English-Spanish Translation

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-159
Author(s):  
Marlén Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Translation Study ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Descriptive Translation Studies

This article reports on a descriptive translation study that attempts to examine the notion of equivalence in translation in an empirical manner. In order to do that, the analysis focuses on the similarities and differences, considered as the components of any relation of equivalence, between the source texts and the target texts. In this particular case, the source texts are English Gerund-Participle (G-P) Adjuncts, and their target texts, the Spanish translational options found in so-called “ACTRES parallel corpus.” The study is interdisciplinary as it draws from contrastive functional analysis and descriptive translation studies, from a corpus-based approach. The study reveals different types of similarities between the English G-P Adjuncts and its Spanish equivalents, which are described in functional terms, taking into consideration functionality, meaning-form interface and frequency of usage. The descriptive parameters followed have prompted a grading system for measuring equivalence between the objects of study.

The ACTRES parallel corpus: an English–Spanish translation corpus

Corpora ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlén Izquierdo ◽  
Knut Hofland ◽  
Øystein Reigem
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The University

This paper describes the compilation of the ACTRES Parallel Corpus, an English–Spanish translation corpus built at the Department of Modern Languages at the University of León (Spain) by the ACTRES research group. The computerisation of the corpus was carried out in collaboration with Knut Hofland and Øystein Reigem, from the Department of Culture, Language and Information Technology, Aksis, at the UNIFOB/University of Bergen (Norway). The corpus is conceived as a powerful tool for cross-linguistic research in the fields of Contrastive Analysis and Descriptive Translation Studies. It was the need to bridge the gap between these disciplines and to extend applications that encouraged the building of a parallel corpus as a suitable tool to achieve these goals. This paper focusses on the practical aspects of building the corpus. A brief account of the research which prompted this endeavour precedes the description of this process. 4 4 This paper is an account of the building of the ACTRES Parallel Corpus, so no empirical results from research done on the basis of the corpus are reported here. Concerning new insights drawn from the actual use of P-ACTRES in English–Spanish translation and contrastive projects, there is an extended bibliography at: http://actres.unileon.es/

scholarly journals The purification of violence and the translation of fairy tales: a corpus-based study

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cybelle Saffa Soares
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Descriptive Translation Studies

This study aims to investigate the translation of violence, to propose and to analyse the translation strategies of English Fairytales (EFT) to the Portuguese language. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the interface of Corpus-based Translation Studies (CTS) and Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). Klingberg (1986) purification concept adapted as translation strategies proposed by Chesterman (1997). For the alignment and corpus analysis, it is used COPA-TRAD – Parallel Corpus for translation research (Fernandes, L. & Silva, 2014). The analysis revealed that the target text had been translated under the moral and religious motivational factors of the source culture because the literature translated in Brazil still had to comply with the Portuguese requirements for translating for children (Coelho, 1987).

scholarly journals Corpus-based approach to phraseology research: New evidence from parallel corpora

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-411
Author(s):  
Dmitrij O. Dobrovol’skij ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Language System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Subsequent Comparison ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography ◽  
National Corpus

The present paper discusses the possibility of using parallel corpora in the study of phraseology. The results of the analysis support the assumption that the use of corpus data not only significantly improves cross-linguistic descriptions, but also changes the very idea of the specifics of phraseology as a subsystem of the lexicon. Parallel corpus data make it possible to identify the language-specific features of idioms that were traditionally considered completely equivalent. As the empirical bases, parallel subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus (RNC) are used: Russian-German and primarily German-Russian. In some cases, the material of the main corpus of the RNC is involved. In addition to the task of identifying similarities and differences between semantically similar idioms of German and Russian, the paper also addresses general issues, in particular the question of the boundaries of the concept of crosslinguistic equivalence and ways to operationalize it. At least two different types of equivalence have to be distinguished: equivalence at the level of the language system and equivalence at the text level. The proposed method includes a subsequent comparison of individual pairs of correlating idioms of different languages based on corpus data. It aims at identifying differences between them, including semantic, syntactic, pragmatic and combinatorial ones. The results of the performed analysis may find application in bilingual lexicography.

scholarly journals Asteroid and Comet Surveys

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 385-400
Author(s):  
B.G. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ecliptic Latitude ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Past surveys are described in the logical sequence of (1) comets visually, (2) asteroids visually, (3) asteroids photographically and (4) comets photographically. Plots show the evolution of asteroid surveys in terms of visual discovery magnitude and ecliptic latitude, and similarities and differences between surveys for the different types of body are discussed. The paper ends with a brief discussion of more recent discovery methods and some thoughts on the future.

scholarly journals Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Xuhua Xia
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Mrna Stability ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Translation Termination ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The design of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines involves many different types of optimizations. Proper optimization of vaccine mRNA can reduce dosage required for each injection leading to more efficient immunization programs. The mRNA components of the vaccine need to have a 5’-UTR to load ribosomes efficiently onto the mRNA for translation initiation, optimized codon usage for efficient translation elongation, and optimal stop codon for efficient translation termination. Both 5’-UTR and the downstream 3’-UTR should be optimized for mRNA stability. The replacement of uridine by N1-methylpseudourinine () complicates some of these optimization processes because is more versatile in wobbling than U. Different optimizations can conflict with each other, and compromises would need to be made. I highlight the similarities and differences between Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines and discuss the advantage and disadvantage of each to facilitate future vaccine improvement. In particular, I point out a few optimizations in the design of the two mRNA vaccines that have not been performed properly.

scholarly journals Emotions and Cognitions. Fourteenth-Century Discussions on the Passions of the Soul

Vivarium ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Perler
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Emotional Conflict ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Different Types ◽  
William Ockham ◽  
Intellectual Level

AbstractMedieval philosophers clearly recognized that emotions are not simply "raw feelings" but complex mental states that include cognitive components. They analyzed these components both on the sensory and on the intellectual level, paying particular attention to the different types of cognition that are involved. This paper focuses on William Ockham and Adam Wodeham, two fourteenth-century authors who presented a detailed account of "sensory passions" and "volitional passions". It intends to show that these two philosophers provided both a structural and a functional analysis of emotions, i.e., they explained the various elements constituting emotions and delineated the causal relations between these elements. Ockham as well as Wodeham emphasized that "sensory passions" are not only based upon cognitions but include a cognitive component and are therefore intentional. In addition, they pointed out that "volitional passions" are based upon a conceptualization and an evaluation of given objects. This cognitivist approach to emotions enabled them to explain the complex phenomenon of emotional conflict, a phenomenon that has its origin in the co-presence of various emotions that involve conflicting evaluations.

Descriptive translation studies: uma revisão crítica

Gragoatá ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Amaral Peixoto Martins
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
Descriptive Translation Studies

O objetivo deste artigo e, em um primeiro momento, fazer uma breve revisão das principais contribuições do modelo teórico dos Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), desenvolvido em meados dos anos 70 por um grupo de estudiosos de Israel e dos Países Baixos preocupados com a estudo da literatura traduzida, para em seguida apontar alguns problemas e lacunas teóricas que não parecem ter sido satisfatoriamente resolvidos em posteriores refinamentos da teoria. A abordagem descritivista fundamenta-se nos seguintes pressupostos: (i) uma visão da literatura como um sistema dinâmico e complexo; (ii) a convicção de que deve haver uma interação permanente entre modelos teóricos e estudos de caso; (iii) uma abordagem da tradução literária de caráter descritivo (portanto, não normativa) e voltada para a texto-alvo, além de funcional e sistêmica; e (iv) um interesse pelas normas e coerções que governam a produção e a recepção de traduções, pela relação entre a tradução e outros tipos de reescritura e pelo lugar e função da literatura traduzida tanto num determinado sistema literário quanto na interação entre literaturas. Nos últimos vinte e cinco anos, a abordagem descritivista vem informando inúmeros estudos sabre o sistema de literatura traduzida de inúmeras culturas, principalmente europeias, mas ainda apresenta alguns problemas que precisam ser melhor trabalhados no âmbito da teoria. Entre estes, destacamos a risco de incorrer num “descritivismo” puro e simples, desprovido de uma elaboração crítica, e a relativa despreocupação em explicitar os fundamentos epistemológicos da teoria e em (re)definir conceitos importantes.

scholarly journals Inquiries on Cultural Markers in Translation

Tradterm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Francis Henrik Aubert
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Cultural Markers ◽  
Descriptive Translation Studies ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

In descriptive translation studies, the identification of cultural markers brings with it certain theoretical and methodological difficulties: the very conceptualization of the cultural marker; its subcategories, both linguistic and extra-linguistic; the appropriate procedures to carry out its identification. The present essay seeks to map the extent of these difficulties and make a number of proposals, yet to be tested in descriptive practice.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF SUBSTANTIVISATION IN THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE IN COMPARISON WITH RUSSIAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Antonina Petrovna Guskova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Semantic Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
First Time

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.

scholarly journals Textual Criticism, Translation Studies, and Symmachus’s Version in the Book of Job

Textus ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Alison Salvesen
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Variant Reading ◽  
Descriptive Translation Studies

Abstract The late second century CE translator/reviser Symmachus took a very different approach to the versions of his predecessor Aquila. His renderings do not appear to have survived in Jewish circles but were much admired by early Christian scholars, thanks to their preservation in Origen’s Hexapla. However, for textual critics of the Hebrew Bible Symmachus’ free approach has limited his value since his readings cannot be easily retroverted, unlike those of Aquila or Theodotion. In the case of the book of Job, although Symmachus’ “transformations” (to use a term from Descriptive Translation Studies) differ in nature from the freedoms observed in OG Job, while rejecting the narrow isomorphism of Aquila and Theodotion he nevertheless adheres quite closely to his Hebrew Vorlage. This offers the possibility of identifying elements significant for textual criticism in his rendering, including variant reading traditions or a different consonantal text.

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