scholarly journals Manufacturers and Industrial Development Policy in Hamilton, 1890-1910

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana J. Middleton ◽  
David F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
City Council ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

After failing to establish Hamilton as a major wholesaling centre, businessmen in the city concentrated their attentions increasingly on the manufacturing sector. City Council policies were extremely supportive of this focus, particularly in the period from 1890 to 1910, which is examined in this paper. Manufacturers themselves, however, are shown to have played a minor role in Council's activities. None of the key figures in promoting pro-development policies in Hamilton were manufacturers, despite the fact that those policies were designed primarily to stimulate manufacturing. At the forefront, rather, were professional men with business interests, supported mainly by merchants.

scholarly journals Storm Surge Ensemble Prediction for the City of Venice

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Mel ◽  
Piero Lionello
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Northern Adriatic Sea ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Ensemble Prediction System ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

Abstract Sea level (SL) forecast for the city of Venice, Italy, is of paramount importance for the management and maintenance of this historical city and for operating the movable barriers that are presently being built for its protection. In this paper, an ensemble prediction system (EPS; based on an ensemble of 50 simulations) for operational forecasting of storm surge in the northern Adriatic Sea is presented and applied to 10 relatively high storm surge events that occurred in the year 2010. It is shown that storm surge peaks correspond to the maxima of uncertainty (as described by the spread of the EPS members), which increases linearly with the forecast range. Further, the uncertainty in storm surge level is shown to be linked to the uncertainty of the forcing meteorological fields. The quasi-linear dynamics of the storm surges plays a minor role in the evolution of uncertainty, except it produces its oscillation with a period associated with that of the 11-h seiche of the basin. The error of the ensemble mean forecast (EMF) is correlated with the EPS spread. For these cases, the EMF accuracy is very close to that of the high-resolution deterministic forecast (DF) and is more robust than the DF (meaning that its error is consistently smaller than the error of the DF, as the lead time of the forecast varies).

Reinventing Industrial Property

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
Robert Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

This chapter demonstrates the Mayor's Committee for Economic and Cultural Development (CECD) that substituted the Chicago Land Clearance Commission's (CLCC) strategy of using government funds to replace razed blighted space with new industrial districts. It examines the methods used by the CECD to modernize the practices that induced industrial firms to invest in city property. It also points out how the CECD was instrumental in shaping how city leaders viewed industrial property through the 1960s and early 1970s. The chapter recounts CECD's work to resituate industrial property as a space for science-led industrial development and the rejuvenation of existing factory areas between 1961 and 1976. It cites how the CECD contributed to the government-led economic development policies that became increasingly common in the United States since the 1970s by forcing the city and industrial institutions to rethink how to promote industrial growth.

scholarly journals L’economia napoletana e il commercio internazionale tra ‘800 e ‘900: I Magazzini Generali e il Deposito Franco = The Neapolitan economy and international trade between 800 and 900: The Magazzini Generali and the Free Warehouse

2013 ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Serena Potito
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
City Council ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The City

<p>I Magazzini Generali, creati su modello dei <em>docks</em> inglesi e dei magazzini francesi -e regolamentati da una legge del 1871- si diffusero nelle maggiori città italiane, con alterna fortuna: comune era lo scopo di provvedere alla custodia delle merci, rilasciando speciali titoli di commercio, e di agevolare l’incontro tra produttore e acquirente, riducendo i tempi di negoziazione.</p> <p>Essi sono, dunque, da annoverare fra gli strumenti commerciali con cui si intendeva intensificare e favorire i traffici di merci nel periodo in cui il commercio internazionale su larga scala andava riducendo le barriere tra paesi, accompagnato dallo sviluppo e ammodernamento delle infrastrutture.</p> <p>Nell’ambito del dibattito sul tentativo italiano di ritagliarsi un ruolo durante la prima globalizzazione -con la crescita della liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale e, nello stesso tempo, lo sviluppo del protezionismo moderno- la presente ricerca mette a fuoco l’esperienza della costituzione dei Magazzini Generali di Napoli, per alcuni decenni i più importanti d’Italia. La Società Meridionale dei Magazzini Generali ne assunse la gestione nel 1874 e -attraverso lo studio di testimonianze dell’epoca, degli Atti del Consiglio Comunale e della Camera di Commercio, di dati di bilancio presenti nell’Archivio di Stato di Napoli- questo saggio ne ripercorre l’iter costitutivo e le vicende dei primi anni. Oltre a offrire un quadro della situazione politica ed economica del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, ed in particolare di Napoli, nella congiuntura economica tra fine ‘800 e inizio ‘900, emergono spunti interessanti relativi all’ammodernamento delle infrastrutture portuali cittadine, e alla questione della creazione di un punto franco (uno degli ipotetici cardini dello sviluppo industriale della città): in un quadro di occasioni mancate ed ostacoli legati alle caratteristiche del processo storico, dal confronto con economie di differenti realtà europee.</p><p>The <em>Magazzini Generali</em>, created on the model of the British docks and of the French <em>magasins généraux</em> -and regulated by an Act of 1871- became widespread in major Italian cities, with varying success: common purpose was to provide for the custody of the goods, issuing special bonds trade, and to facilitate the meeting between producer and buyer, reducing the time of negotiation. They are -therefore- to be counted among the commercial tools with which it was intended to intensify and facilitate the traffic of goods in the period in which international trade -on a large scale- was reducing the barriers between countries, accompanied by the development and modernization of infrastructure. In the debate on the Italian attempt to carve out a role during the first globalization -with the growth of international trade liberalization and, at the same time, the development of modern protectionism- the present research focuses on the experience of the constitution of Magazzini Generali of Naples, for several decades the most important ones in Italy. The <em>Società Meridionale of Magazzini Generali</em> took over the management in 1874 and -through the study of contemporary testimonies, of the Acts of the City Council and of the Chamber of Commerce, of balance sheet data present in the State Archives of Naples- this essay traces its incorporation process and the events of the early years. In addition to providing an overview of the political and economic situation of Southern Italy, especially in Naples, during the economic situation between the end of '800 and '900, interesting ideas emerge relating to the modernization of port infrastructure, and about the question of creating a free point (one of the hypothetical cornerstones of the industrial development of the city): in a framework of missed opportunities and of obstacles related to the characteristics of the historical process, by comparing with the economies of different European realities.</p>

scholarly journals Revitalization as a way to ecologically balanced development of Lviv city

2016 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykola Nazaruk
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
City Development ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The processes of the revitalization in the geospace in the city of Lviv are considered. The tasks of the revitalization are socialization of the space of the city, development of infrastructure which orders tourism and research activities, industrial development, taking care of the environment and as a result – attracting of the investment. In the process of revitalization, an integrated approach is often used. Revitalization is not just recovery and restoration – it brings a new life through the stimulating socio-cultural and economic growth not only on the individual areas but also in the city as a whole. Revitalization is one of the elements of the development policy that aims at preventing the degradation of urban areas, the crisis occurrence that took place through the growth of social and economic activity, improving the residential environment according to respecting the principles of sustainable development. Separately, the processes of revitalization at the example of the Pidzamche district, industrial factory “Halychsklo”, some public spaces in the city are considered. Key words: revitalization, revitalization principles, revitalization of the districts, industrial objects, public spaces.

scholarly journals Amersfoort’s city walls

Bulletin KNOB ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Van de Pol
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
City Council ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
City Wall ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Section ◽  
Historical Centre

The development of Amersfoort’s two city walls can be divided into five periods. The first city wall was built in the first period 1259-1379. Although Amersfoort had been granted a charter in 1259, construction of the wall did not commence until after a serious assault by troops from the duchy of Gelre (Geulders) in 1274. The defensive wall was made stronger on that side, probably in expectation of more attacks from that direction. Between 1380 and 1500 Gelre troops attacked Amersfoort on multiple occasions and offensive firepower increased. Interestingly, Amersfoort opted to build a second city wall rather than reinforcing the existing one, considerably increasing the size of the city in the process. However, the project proved difficult to finance, defend and maintain, most likely due to the stagnating economy. Instead of being demolished after the second wall was in place, the first wall was reinforced with abutting houses, thereby becoming a kind of rampart within a rampart. The new fortifications turned out to be ineffective and in 1501 the city council decided to demolish the first city wall. This freed up space for a second generation of wall houses, mostly built from reused stone and with their front elevation on the trajectory of the first wall, with the exception of the houses along Krankeledenstraat and the southern section of Breestraat. In this same period, up until 1644, there was an attempt to strengthen Amersfoort’s defences. Several fortification plans were drawn up, none of which was implemented in its entirety, most probably due to a lack of financial resources. The ramparts that were realized are concentrated in the south-west since in this period the possibility of a new Spanish incursion was greater than any threat from Gelre. In the third period, 1645-1828, the council’s approval of additional openings in the city wall marked the beginning of a gradual deterioration of the defensive works. They had always been a big budget item, yet they had not been particularly effective. Accordingly, the council decided to convert the fortifications into lucrative functions. The Davidsbolwerk, for example, was turned into a cemetery. The most extensive demolition probably started in 1778 when it was also decided to dismantle various outer and inner gates in the second city wall. By 1829 the fortifications had entirely lost their defensive function and the city council proposed converting the outer line into a green pathway encircling the city, which would have resulted in the disappearance of all remaining traces of the wall. However, this was averted in 1844 by a national ban on the demolition of fortifications and they were subsequently integrated with the walking route. City planners continued to submit applications for demolition but encountered fierce resistance from heritage organizations. In addition, many remnants avoided demolition because most urban expansion occurred outside the historical centre. This resulted in a concomitant shift in the economic focus so that the fortifications no longer needed to be sacrificed to industrial development. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, with appreciation for the heritage value of fortifications growing, money became available for their restoration and Amersfoort’s historical centre was declared a conservation area.

scholarly journals Representatives in a Changing World : Characteristics of Urban Advocacy at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
István H. Németh
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
State Administration ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
Strong System ◽  
Selection Of

The Kingdom of Hungary had a strong system of estates within the Habsburg Monarchy, and this exerted a significant influence on the positions of free royal cities. The free royal cities enjoyed a large degree of internal autonomy until roughly the end of the seventeenth century, with little oversight or interference by the larger state. Since 1526, the cities had been members of the estates which had taken part in the Diets (the parliaments which could be regarded as the early modern form of the Hungarian), though they had played a minor role in comparison to the counties. In the last third of the seventeenth century, the system of estates underwent significant changes. The royal state came to exert more control, and in the free royal cities, the central administration began to play a stronger role as a force for oversight. The interests of the state administration now played an important role in the selection of the city’s leaders. The delegates who represented the cities in the Diets were also chosen according to these considerations. The local bodies of state administration were given major say in the selection of the representatives. As a consequence of this, delegates began to be chosen who were from different social backgrounds, including people who had different places within the system of the estates. While earlier, the individuals who had been sent to take part in the Diets had been members of the Lutheran bourgeois elite, from roughly the late seventeenth century onwards, members of the nobility living in the cities began to play an increasingly influential role. Many of the delegates from the city of Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) who will be discussed in the analysis below came from families of non-noble origins which, however, had been granted nobility as a reward for the services they had performed in the chamber administration. The career paths for members of these families led either to administrative bodies in the city or back into state administration.

scholarly journals The “Garbological Mission” of Kharkiv’s Municipal Self-Government in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
City Council ◽  
City Government ◽  
The City

The article analyzes the evolution of waste disposal practices in the activities of Kharkiv’s municipal self-government. At the end of the 19th century, keeping the urban space clean was still primarily the responsibility of homeowners. The city government issued regulatory decrees and the police monitored their implementation. For their part, homeowners hired private nightmen to remove garbage to dumps. The study clarifies the procedure for organizing the solid waste processing cycle. During this period, rag and bone collectors were important agents of waste utilization. Companies of these peculiar professionals sorted garbage and prepared it for further processing. At the turn of the 20th century, active industrial development and urbanization led to the devaluation of the secondary materials market and the worsening of the sanitary and epidemiological conditions in the city. The article delves into the details of the formation of the new garbological strategy of the municipal self-government and traces the changes in how members of the city council and engineers viewed the development of this industry. The city authorities revised their approach to keeping Kharkiv’s environment in order. New special departments inspected the condition and cleanliness of streets, sidewalks, squares, and sewers. The first significant technological component of the waste disposal infrastructure was a water supply system. The development of this network allowed the municipal government to begin creating a closed cycle of liquid waste filtration. Meanwhile, the construction of a sewer system did not solve all the problems of cleaning up Kharkiv. In the 1910s, the city authorities set up regular municipal solid waste caravans. During this period, a waste utilization plant was opened, not only contributing to the liberation of the city from animal waste, but also doing anti-epidemic and anti-epizootic work. The author concludes that during the period under consideration Kharkiv’s authorities addressed the new challenge to the community by implementing modern garbological projects and waste disposal methods.

scholarly journals Spatial expansion pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. in suburban zone of Białystok (NE Poland)

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Dan Wołkowycki ◽  
Paweł Próchnicki
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
Expansion Pattern ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract The object of the study is the distribution and spatial pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. population and the impact of landscape structure on the expansion of this alien species in the suburban zone of the city, where the land-use has rapidly been transforming recently. The population of black cherry expands centrifugally, spreading from fringes of the city to outer zones of the agglomeration with more agricultural character. Individuals of P. serotina are distributed in clusters in this area. The maximum observed population density reaches 371/ha (mean 11.3/ha for colonized plots). The main factor influencing the landscape invasibility is cessation of agriculture. Although the first sources of spread of P. serotina are localities in forests, where 46% of the total number of individuals are concentrated, nevertheless, the largest group of juveniles (48%) was found on abandoned farmlands. Over 90% of all youngest individuals were recorded at a distance of up to 100 m from older ones. Chances of isolated occurrence are small and the probability of the colonization is strongly dependent on the occupation of adjacent areas by the species. Black cherry disperses, primarily, according to a spatial pattern of phalanxes, by occupying areas immediately adjacent to places previously colonized and then filling the available habitats. Long-distance dispersal seems to play a minor role for its expansion. Autocorrelation and diffusion models of spread should be taken into account in preventing further expansion of black cherry and planning conservation measures in natural protected areas.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document