scholarly journals Comparison of thermal and radar active layer measurement techniques in the Leaf Bay area, Nouveau-Québec

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean A. Pilon ◽  
A. Peter Annan ◽  
J. Leslie Davis ◽  
James T. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Temperature Probe ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Thaw Zone ◽  
Moisture Profiles

Continuous profiles of the frost table for a series of traverses in unconsolidated sediments in the Leaf Bay area, Ungava, were obtained using an all terrain vehicle borne impulse radar system. The results correlate extremely well with data obtained by the insertion of rigid temperature probes at frequent intervals along the traverses. Each of the two systems has its own particular advantages and disadvantages. The radar profiling system provides more continuous information and can be carried out more rapidly than the system using the temperature probes. However, it requires some local ground control as regards soil moisture profiles and values for soil texture and soil temperature. A definite advantage of the rigid temperature probe is that it produces a temperature curve as a by-product and this can be used to assess the effect of different terrain factors on heat flow in the soil. It is, furthermore, a much cheaper and less bulky apparatus than the radar equipment, requiring no auxiliary logistical support for field use. Neither method can be applied universally for thaw zone and active layer determination. The trials in the tidal flats were a failure, the earth materials being too stony for the temperature probe and the salt water in the soil not permitting proper signal propagation for the radar. Neither method is suitable for penetrating bedrock and, in such a case, reliance has to be placed on temperature measurements in drillholes.

scholarly journals Nuclear mass measurements with radioactive ion beams

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 1930005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Famiano
Keyword(s):  
Mass Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Nuclear Mass ◽  
Mass Measurements ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nuclear Masses ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Practical Constraints

Nuclear masses are the most fundamental of all nuclear properties, yet they can provide a wealth of knowledge, including information on astrophysical sites, constraints on existing theory, and fundamental symmetries. In nearly all applications, it is necessary to measure nuclear masses with very high precision. As mass measurements push to more short-lived and more massive nuclei, the practical constraints on mass measurement techniques become more exacting. Various techniques used to measure nuclear masses, including their advantages and disadvantages are described. Descriptions of some of the world facilities at which the nuclear mass measurements are performed are given, and brief summaries of planned facilities are presented. Future directions are mentioned, and conclusions are presented which provide a possible outlook and emphasis on upcoming plans for nuclear mass measurements at existing facilities, those under construction, and those being planned.

Thermal Expansion

1983 ◽  
pp. 75-132
Author(s):  
A. F. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Thermal Expansion Data ◽  
Novel Materials ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Expansion Theory ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

Abstract Specific heat and thermal expansion are closely related. Following a discussion on thermal expansion theory, methods of measurement techniques are presented along with their advantages and disadvantages. The results of the measurements are then summarized for three classes of materials: metallics, nonmetallics, and composites. Because predicting thermal expansion values for unmeasured or novel materials is useful, the chapter also describes the means of making educated guesses for low-temperature values. A short discussion on how thermal expansion data can be used is followed by a section describing where such data can be found.

Evaluating Interface Standards for the Public Transit Industry

1998 ◽  
Vol 1618 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hickman ◽  
Sam Tabibnia ◽  
Theodore Day
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Systems Integration ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Systems Architecture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Transit Agencies

The rationale behind the current research and development of interface standards for the public transit industry is explored. Recent efforts to define an information systems architecture for public transit have not sufficiently discussed the underlying need for information system standards and what impacts these standards might have on the transit industry as well as on vendors. Both advantages and disadvantages to the development of these standards are identified. For public transit agencies, there appears to be a well-reasoned yet unsupported belief that interface standards will be beneficial for systems integration. To explore the impacts for vendors, a survey was developed and fielded to learn about the characteristics of products and vendor attitudes toward interface standards. The results, though not conclusive, suggest that vendors are willing to consider standards; however, needed product customization and more comprehensive systems are important factors weighing against open interface standards. Also reported are three case studies of recent technology applications in the San Francisco Bay Area in which experiences with technical system design and systems integration are described. These case studies strongly suggest that key factors such as market timing, vendor-agency communication, and “learning by doing” affect the development of interface requirements and standards for the transit industry.

Development of a Scale to Measure Information Needs in Cancer Care

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley F. Degner ◽  
B. Joyce Davison ◽  
Jeff A. Sloan ◽  
Bryan Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
Information Priorities ◽  
Individualized Teaching ◽  
Teaching Time

Developing approaches to improve the use of scarce health care resources is of increasing importance in cancer care. Being able to target the provision of information to the primary needs of consumers ensures more productive use of expensive teaching time by health care professionals. Researchers and clinicians have used a variety of measurement techniques to assess the information needs of individuals with cancer at various points in their illness trajectory. The two most common types of scaling techniques used by researchers to measure information needs have been summative and differential. The advantages and disadvantages of using these types of measurements are evaluated. This article describes the development and pilot testing of a measure of the information needs in cancer patients that uses one type of differential scaling technique, Thurstone scaling. This measure was subsequently converted into a patient-friendly computerized program capable of helping consumers identify their information priorities before their medical visits. Individualized teaching may be guided by this new measurement technique in the future.

scholarly journals The usefulness of outcrop-analogue air-permeameter measurements for analysing aquifer heterogeneity: testing outcrop hydrogeological parameters with independent borehole data

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5155-5166 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rogiers ◽  
K. Beerten ◽  
T. Smeekens ◽  
D. Mallants ◽  
M. Gedeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Hydrogeological Parameters ◽  
Aquifer Sediments ◽  
Size Data

Abstract. Outcropping sediments can be used as easily accessible analogues for studying subsurface sediments, especially to determine the small-scale spatial variability of hydrogeological parameters. The use of cost-effective in situ measurement techniques potentially makes the study of outcrop sediments even more attractive. We investigate to what degree air-permeameter measurements on outcrops of unconsolidated sediments can be a proxy for aquifer saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) heterogeneity. The Neogene aquifer in northern Belgium, known as a major groundwater resource, is used as the case study. K and grain-size data obtained from different outcropping sediments are compared with K and grain-size data from aquifer sediments obtained either via laboratory analyses on undisturbed borehole cores (K and grain size) or via large-scale pumping tests (K only). This comparison shows a pronounced and systematic difference between outcrop and aquifer sediments. Part of this difference is attributed to grain-size variations and earth surface processes specific to outcrop environments, including root growth, bioturbation, and weathering. Moreover, palaeoenvironmental conditions such as freezing–drying cycles and differential compaction histories will further alter the initial hydrogeological properties of the outcrop sediments. A linear correction is developed for rescaling the outcrop data to the subsurface data. The spatial structure pertaining to outcrops complements that obtained from the borehole cores in several cases. The higher spatial resolution of the outcrop measurements identifies small-scale spatial structures that remain undetected in the lower resolution borehole data. Insights in stratigraphic and K heterogeneity obtained from outcrop sediments improve developing conceptual models of groundwater flow and transport.

An analysis of the influence of microclimate on partial discharge activity in emissions of electric machines in the conditions of industrial operation – own research

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-648
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Plutecki ◽  
Sławomir Szymaniec
Keyword(s):  
Partial Discharge ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Discharge Activity ◽  
On Line ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Winding Insulation

Abstract The article presents the results of diagnostic measurements of partial discharge signal propagation from the winding insulation in electrical machinery, which were performed using an on-line method. This paper describes the results of experiments and the acquired experience in the monitoring of winding insulation in high power and high voltage electrical machines which are important in industrial production processes. The authors show the measurement techniques employed in their research. Representative measurement results are presented along with their analysis. The authors use an SKF monitoring systems to measure: vibrations, temperature, and humidity, as major factors affecting partial discharge activity in the from winding insulation of electrical machines.

Silicon Devices Fabricated by Using Laser Irradiation Process

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tamura ◽  
N. Natsuaki ◽  
M. Miyao ◽  
M. Ohkura ◽  
F. Murai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Laser Processing ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Silicon Devices ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Si Films ◽  
Irradiation Process

ABSTRACTThe advantages and disadvantages of both pulsed and cw scanned laser processing for Si devices are discussed. In particular, adaptions of laser processes for MOSFETs and bipolar structures are described from the viewpoint of active layer annealing. Moreover, MOSFETs fabricated in laser induced grown Si films on Si substrates having SiO2 patterns by bridging epitaxy, are discussed, as a function of sample structures, film formation conditions and laser irradiation conditions.

scholarly journals Preliminary on Human Driver Behavior: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan ◽  
Ashardi Abas
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Objective Detection ◽  
Fatigue Driving

Drowsiness is one of the main factors causing traffic accidents. Research on drowsiness can effectively reduce the traffic accident rate. According to the existing literature, this paper divides the current measurement techniques into subjective and objective ones. Among them, invasive detection and non-invasive detection based on vehicles or drivers are the main objective detection methods.Then, this paper studies the characteristics of drowsiness, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each detection method in practical application. Finally, the development of detection technology is prospected, and provides ideas for the follow-up development of fatigue driving detection technology.

A Practical Method for Trace Exposure and Roughness Measurements and Implementation in High Speed Package Design

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Korchnoy ◽  
Jacov Brener
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Insertion Loss ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
High Frequency Signal ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conductor Surface

Abstract High frequency signal propagation through transmission lines has been an important discipline for RF engineers. With advancements in digital technologies, especially when data rates reached multiple Gb/s, package designers have to consider parameters such as transmission loss and trace impedance in order to maintain signal integrity. For high frequency signals, the surface roughness of the copper trace becomes increasingly significant in determining conduction loss, due to current confinement to the conductor surface by the skin effect. Accurate 3D conductor surface maps are required for correct trace insertion loss simulation. Practical methods for package trace exposure and 3D surface height map acquisition are discussed in this paper. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and their implementation to real packages are shown. Using electrical parameters resulting from a 3D trace surface map, the error between electrical simulations and actual measurements of insertion loss in an FCBGA package have been reduced from 6% to nearly zero, enabling tighter margins in 10GB/s high speed serial design.

A Study on Approaches for Measuring Outstanding Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Basavaraj Kawdi ◽  
Vrushabha C M
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Non Destructive

Enduring stresses are one of the key factors in shaping the engineering belongings of parts and structural constituents. This fact plays a momentous role, for example, in fatigue of welded elements. Many different procedures and distinctions of means for measuring residual stresses have been advanced to ensemble various specimen geometries and measurement purposes. The several specific methods have grew over several decades and their practical applications have greatly benefited from the development of complementary technologies, notably in material cutting, full-field deformation measurement techniques, numerical methods and computing power. These matching technologies have stimulated advances not only in measurement accuracy and reliability, but also in range of application; much greater detail in residual stresses measurement is now available. The purpose of this review is to classify the different methods and to provide an overview of some of the recent advances in the area of residual stress measurement and act as a summary document to aid technique selection between destructive, semi destructive and non- destructive techniques for residual stresses. For each method scope, physical limitation, advantages and disadvantages are summarized. In the end this paper indicates some promising directions for futuredevelopments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document