Evaluating Interface Standards for the Public Transit Industry

1998 ◽  
Vol 1618 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hickman ◽  
Sam Tabibnia ◽  
Theodore Day
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Systems Integration ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Systems Architecture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Transit Agencies

The rationale behind the current research and development of interface standards for the public transit industry is explored. Recent efforts to define an information systems architecture for public transit have not sufficiently discussed the underlying need for information system standards and what impacts these standards might have on the transit industry as well as on vendors. Both advantages and disadvantages to the development of these standards are identified. For public transit agencies, there appears to be a well-reasoned yet unsupported belief that interface standards will be beneficial for systems integration. To explore the impacts for vendors, a survey was developed and fielded to learn about the characteristics of products and vendor attitudes toward interface standards. The results, though not conclusive, suggest that vendors are willing to consider standards; however, needed product customization and more comprehensive systems are important factors weighing against open interface standards. Also reported are three case studies of recent technology applications in the San Francisco Bay Area in which experiences with technical system design and systems integration are described. These case studies strongly suggest that key factors such as market timing, vendor-agency communication, and “learning by doing” affect the development of interface requirements and standards for the transit industry.

scholarly journals Cost-Benefit Analysis of Novel Access Modes: A Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Rodier ◽  
Andrea Broaddus ◽  
Miguel Jaller ◽  
Jeffery Song ◽  
Joschka Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Service Models ◽  
Transit Agencies

The first-mile, last-mile problem is a significant deterrent for potential transit riders, especially in suburban neighborhoods with low density. Transit agencies have typically sought to solve this problem by adding parking spaces near transit stations and adding stops to connect riders to fixed-route transit. However, these measures are often only short-term solutions. In the last few years, transit agencies have tested whether new mobility services, such as ridehailing, ridesharing, and microtransit, can offer fast, reliable connections to and from transit stations. However, there is limited research that evaluates the potential impacts of these projects. Concurrently, there is growing interest in the future of automated vehicles (AVs) and the potential of AVs to solve this first-mile problem by reducing the cost of providing these new mobility services to promote access to transit. This paper expands upon existing research to model the simulate the travel and revenue impacts of a fleet of automated vehicles that provide transit access services in the San Francisco Bay Area offered over a range of fares. The model simulates a fleet of AVs for first-mile transit access at different price points for three different service models (door-to-door ridehailing and ridesharing and meeting point ridesharing services). These service models include home-based drop-off and pick-up for single passenger service (e.g., Uber and Lyft), home-based drop-off and pick-up for multi-passenger service (e.g., microtransit), and meeting point multi-passenger service (e.g., Via).

Heritage In-Between

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsim D. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Time Period

Conventional accounts of missionary and settler colonialism in California have overemphasized the loss experienced by Native Americans. For indigenous Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people of the San Francisco Bay Area, a story of loss contrasts sharply with their casino—a symbol of prosperity—established in 2013. Each narrative is anchored to highly visible places that commemorate either loss or success. These places, examined here using two case studies, also conceal an important “heritage in-between”—that is, the critical time period, spaces, and things that reflect native resilience and transformation—that might serve to better contextualize both narrative projects.

The Use of Packet-Switched vs. Circuit-Switched Networks for Data Transport in a Public Transit Environment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fitzmaurice
Keyword(s):  
Public Transit ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Data Transport ◽  
Switched Networks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industrial Networks ◽  
Train Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Time Division

Ethernet has become the de-facto standard for providing data transport not just throughout the internet but for numerous private and industrial networks. Prior to Ethernet’s dominance, circuit-switched networks (or time-division multiplexed networks like SONET) were popular choices for applications that required flexible and reliable data transport. Over the past 10 years, packet-switched networks in general (and Ethernet in particular) have usurped the role formerly played by these circuit-switched networks but is this a good development given that not all applications that require data transport are created equal? In the public transit environment, data transport networks are often used for mission critical applications that directly support revenue service such as signaling and train control and are increasingly based upon packet-switched networks. This paper will explore the current trend of using packet-switched as opposed to circuit-switched networks in the context of providing data transport for rail-based public transit agencies and, after examining five case studies, draw conclusions that are relevant for public transit agencies.

Can Technology Ease the Pain of Salary Surveys?

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nona Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Salary Information

This article discusses the value that can be added to public sector salary surveys through the use of the Internet. Several public sector coalitions (the San Francisco Bay Area Employee Relations Service; Chicago suburban area MetroNet; Orange County Division of the League of California Cities; League of Minnesota Cities; and Association of Metropolitan Municipalities) have applied technology to improve sharing compensation data. Also highlighted are commercial ventures that generate salary information on the web. In particular, the article covers the challenges faced by two ventures ( www.ClassAndComp.com and GovernmentJobs.com ) that are attempting to launch compensation analysis products for the public sector market. The conclusion of this research is that the full potential of the Internet technology for sharing public sector compensation information will only be realized if there is significant cooperation between jurisdictions within a recruitment area.

Evaluating Interior and Door Configurations of Rail Vehicles by Using Variable Loading Densities

2005 ◽  
Vol 1927 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel W. Lau
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Variable Loading ◽  
Uniform Loading ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Rail Rapid Transit

As many U.S. metropolitan areas expect unprecedented growth in population and travel in the next 20 to 30 years, rail transit agencies are faced with the challenges of replacing their aging fleets and procuring new vehicles to keep up with ridership increases. As funds become increasingly scarce, many operators are exploring ways of increasing car capacity by considering interior configurations (to maximize loading efficiency) and door configurations (to minimize the effect of increased loads on station dwell times). Few studies address the design and evaluation of interior and door configurations as a system. Typically, seating configurations are designed separately from door configurations. Furthermore, interior configuration evaluations or maximum vehicle loading quoted by car manufacturers assume a uniform loading density applied throughout the car. Loading on transit vehicles, however, varies greatly within a car. This affects practical vehicle capacity and its impact controlling dwell time at the busiest door. The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a heavy rail rapid transit system in California, recently conducted an evaluation of interior and door configurations based on a methodology that used variable loading densities and resulting impact on door loads for dwell time estimation. Variable loading density is more realistic in simulating actual passenger loading experience. This research shows that depending on the interior and door configuration, applying uniform loading density may misrepresent actual car capacity and door loads and thus waste valuable resources or underestimate actual needs.

scholarly journals Promotion Influence in Sales Advance and in Increasing the Image to the SMEs in Kosova

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Rajan Arapi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The promotion as an important element of marketing mix plays a key role in marketingmanagement regard, in every enterprise, and also for SMEs. The SMEs in Kosova aregiving more and more importance to the promotion, and this factor, beside the salesadvance for their products, is important to increase their image. What is the impact of thepromotion in SMEs longevity; respectively ëhat are the advantages and disadvantages ofpromotion application compared with the other traditional advertisement forms? Whatare the promotion models used by the advance companies to increase their sales level andimprove the service level ? These are some of the research questions that follow thispaper. On the other side the increasing promotion application in front of traditionalforms of Marketing have made SMEs to save from their budget dedicated to Marketing,always taking into consideration the advanced models that today provides thiscommunication form. The research on hand will reflect the new advanced promotionmodels which are practiced by some SMEs in Kosova, these case studies will argue thecompany’s sustainability achieved by the promotion. The budgeting as an integral part ofpromotion realization, in this research will prove the possibility to save from the budgetby avoiding the classical – traditional forms of advertisement. This aspect also will beargued by case studies of SMEs in Kosova. The mass media, in this case, thecommunication with the public, in way to transmit the promotion message, request aprofound analyze when it comes to select the mediums, rating and audiencemeasurement, etc. The research will contribute not only to SMEs but also to consumersand public in general. The research will have its conclusions and recommendations whichwill enforce each of elements that require a different treatment from the one that isapplied in reality.

The Embattled Creation of a Residents-Only Park

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Yuji Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Palo Alto ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Environmental Racism ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

On November 2, 2020, after almost sixty years of restriction, the City of Palo Alto opened the gates of its Foothills Park to nonresidents. Prior to the lifting of the residency restriction, it was a crime for nonresidents of Palo Alto to enter this 1,400-acre park, a crime that carried possible jail time. Although the reason for this rule was initially rooted in local financial squabbles, the rule itself had racist consequences that were felt for decades after its passage. Thus, the history of Foothills Park’s residency restriction serves as a useful example of the insidious ways that past racist policies and practices can persist to the present day, largely invisible and thus easily dismissed by policymakers and the public alike. Examining the evolution of Palo Alto’s Foothills Park through a historical lens, and within the context of the 1960s and ’70s environmentalist movement, reveals the clear imprint of environmental racism and white privilege. Given the widespread economic disparity that shaped residential patterns in the San Francisco Bay Area, the park’s residents-only rule effectively excluded people of color, the poor, and the working class. Though racially restrictive covenants may no longer be legally enforced today, relatively few people of color can afford to live in Palo Alto. Thus, despite the passage of many years, and despite repeal of Foothills Park’s residents-only restriction, the community’s historical residential patterns have perpetuated ongoing inequalities.

scholarly journals The Suitability of Double-Layer Space Structures for Super-Tall Buildings:      A Study from Structural and Building Systems Integration Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hendry Yahya Sutjiadi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Systems Integration ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Space Structures ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Building Systems

<p>As buildings rise higher, designers face two major issues. Firstly, how to design efficient structures to resist the lateral loads that impact so greatly on tall buildings. Secondly, how to effectively integrate building systems, which often consume large amounts of space in taller buildings and potentially detract from the building aesthetics. Double‐layer space structures have the potential to address these issues due to several beneficial design characteristics. As three‐dimensional structures, double‐layer space structures are rigid and structurally efficient. They can also integrate with other building systems by using the inherent structural cavities to accommodate services components and contribute a particular architectural aesthetic if their regular pattern is exposed.  Double‐layer space structures have been used in long‐span structure buildings, but have yet to be applied as vertical structures for super‐tall buildings. Only two projects, proposed by Kahn and Tying, and Swenson, have applied double‐layer space structures as vertical structures in high‐rise buildings. However, they have not yet been executed and no literature has discussed the feasibility of the application of this structural system to supertall buildings. This situation leads to the research question; “Are double‐layer space structures suitable for super‐tall buildings?” To answer this question, a long‐term study with multidisciplinary knowledge, involving surveys of public opinion, and possibly real pilot projects would be required. This research focuses only on structural efficiency and systems integration as the initial step of the study of vertical double‐layer space structures in super‐tall buildings. The main objective of this research is to analyse the efficiency of this structural system, especially compared to other current tall structural systems. The second objective is to investigate to what extent these structures can integrate with other building systems as well as a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the integration. The significance of this research is to provide initial scientific information for designers about the possibility of using double‐layer space structures as a structural system of super‐tall building.  A research methodology including both quantitative and qualitative approaches is employed to measure the structural efficiency of vertical double‐layer space structures and to assess their potential to integrate with other building systems. This research covers structural aspects, building services systems including fire safety and approaches to energy efficiency, architectural integration, and construction.  A quantitative approach by structural design and analysis, and comparison of double‐layer space structures with other structural systems is used to analyse structural efficiency. Case studies using the structural models of two 100‐storey double‐layer space structure buildings with different values of slenderness are designed and analysed using the computer software, ETABS. Other currently used structural systems, a bundled‐tube, a braced‐tube and a diagrid, are also designed using the same configuration and their structural analysis findings are compared to those of double‐layer space structures. Services systems, including HVAC, stairs and elevators, are also designed and integrated with the structure. The systems integration aspect of this research in double‐layer space structure buildings is analysed using a qualitative approach in three main steps. The first step is a review of relevant literature covering systems integration and current technologies in tall buildings. Based on this review, systems integration in double‐layer space structure buildings in general and the 100‐storey case study buildings in particular are explored using computer models. As the final step, the advantages and disadvantages of the systems integration in the designed case studies are discussed.  These case studies are designed in order to represent current super‐tall buildings and recent technologies in high‐rise buildings. The structural models of 100‐storey buildings are relevant for buildings in the approximate range of 75 to 125 storeys or 300 to 500 metres high; the majority of current super‐tall buildings have been built in that range of heights. Recent technologies that are commonly used in super‐tall buildings, for example Centralised Air Handling and Localised Air Handling for HVAC system, double‐decking and sky lobbies for elevator system, and various façade systems, are adopted in these case studies. The aim is The Suitability of Double‐layer Space Structures for Super‐tall Buildings to investigate if double‐layer space structures can accommodate building components of current technologies.  The results of this research show that double‐layer space structures are efficient where applied in super‐tall buildings when compared to other existing structural systems. Doublelayer space structures can also integrate with services components. The case study design shows how larger usable floor areas than those in typical tall buildings can be provided by positioning the majority of services and structural components within the space structure on the perimeter of the building. In terms of fire safety, positioning fire safety and egress systems in two different locations far apart, as proposed in this research, increases their reliability. Double‐layer space structures are highly redundant structures that enable loads to be transferred through other structural members if several structural members collapse. This advantage minimises the possibility of progressive collapse. The ability of double‐layer space structures to visually and physically integrate with architectural components and aspects like façade, interior space and building geometry in various ways is also explored. In terms of construction, simple connections and construction methods can be applied to double‐layer space structures leading to competitive construction costs.  The research concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of double‐layer space structures for super‐tall buildings and concludes that double‐layer space structures are indeed suitable for this application within the scope of this research. However, the study also recommends future research to address issues that are not covered in this research.</p>

scholarly journals How Do Employers React to a Pay-or-Play Mandate? Early Evidence from San Francisco

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie H Colla ◽  
William H Dow ◽  
Arindrajit Dube
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
First Year ◽  
Major Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
New Public ◽  
Employer Mandate

In 2008 San Francisco implemented major health reform, becoming the first city to adopt a pay-or-play employer health spending mandate. It also created Healthy San Francisco, a new “public option” low-cost health access plan for the uninsured. This study evaluates employer-level health benefit offering responses to the pay-or-play mandate in the first year of implementation using the 2008 Bay Area Employer Health Benefits Survey and a difference-in-difference estimator. Although 92% of firms subject to the mandate already offered insurance prior to enactment, we find that 76% of firms had to expand benefits to comply with the minimum hourly spending requirement for each worker. Nevertheless, most surveyed San Francisco employers (61%) were supportive of the law. There is substantial employer demand for the public option, with 18% of firms using Healthy San Francisco for at least some employees, yet there is little evidence of firms dropping or restricting existing insurance offerings in the first year after implementation. A non-trivial portion of firms chose to meet the mandate by paying into health reimbursement accounts (14%). These results confirm that employer mandate details can have crucial effects on employer behavior. While there are important geographic and political characteristics of San Francisco that are important to bear in mind, San Francisco’s early experience suggests that implementation of a strong pay-or-play mandate is indeed feasible.

Youth Radio and the Pedagogy of Collegiality

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIAN CHÁVEZ ◽  
ELISABETH SOEP
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Youth Media

In this article, Vivian Chavez and Elisabeth Soep explore the collaboration among youth and adult participants at Youth Radio, a broadcast-training program in the San Francisco Bay Area. At Youth Radio, participants transcend the conventional relationship between adult "teachers" and youth "learners" to coproduce media products. Chavez and Soep introduce the concept of "pedagogy of collegiality" to describe this process. Using two case studies, they demonstrate the four features of this pedagogy: joint framing, youth-led inquiry, mediated intervention, and distributed accountability. Chavez and Soep articulate a framework that recognizes the asymmetrical relationships among adults and disenfranchised youth while presenting a nuanced alternative. Their work contributes to the growing literature illuminating the role of youth media as a tool for expanding democratic participation.

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