scholarly journals Legal Issues Arising from Protectionist Government Procurement Policies in Canada and the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-423
Author(s):  
Denis Lemieux
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Tokyo Round ◽  
Mise En Œuvre ◽  
Donne Lieu

Les marchés publics confèrent aux différents paliers gouvernementaux une force de frappe qu'ils sont susceptibles d'utiliser pour atteindre des objectifs économiques et sociaux en plus d'obtenir des biens et services de qualité à un prix raisonnable. Ceci donne lieu à l'élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre de politiques d'achats. Ces politiques prennent rarement la forme de lois et de règlements mais sont adoptées le plus souvent par voie de directives, d'énoncés de politique et de pratiques administratives. Toutefois, ceci ne signifie pas qu'il n'existe pas de cadre juridique des politiques d'achats. Les dispositions de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 relatives au commerce interprovincial et international, de même que les droits à l'égalité et à la mobilité enchâssés dans la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, servent de cadre juridique minimal aux politiques d'achats. À ces normes s'ajoutent les obligations internationales du Canada à l'intérieur du cadre de l'Accord général du G A TT et, pour le Gouvernement fédéral, le Code des marchés publics adopté lors du Tokyo Round. La mise en oeuvre de l'Accord de libre-échange canado-américain viendra apporter une nouvelle limite à l'autonomie des initiateurs de politiques d'achats publics.

Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Glenn Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Gamete Donation ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Egg Donor ◽  
Gamete Donor ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
Reproductive Tourism

Gamete donor anonymity has become an increasingly active area of legislative, bioethical, and empirical interest over the last decade or so. This chapter begins by detailing the very different status of gamete donor anonymity, contrasting the United States (where the law does not prohibit it) with the rest of the world (where it has been largely prohibited by law) and examining the effects of these policies. The chapter then examines the major arguments that have been offered in favor of and against mandating nonanonymous gamete donation. In particular, it focuses on the effects of removing anonymity on supply and arguments in favor of ending sperm donor anonymity based on the welfare of donor-conceived children or rights claims by them. The chapter also more briefly considers ethical and legal issues related to donor compensation, accidental incest, information reciprocity between donors and recipients, and reproductive tourism.

scholarly journals Riding Circuit: Bringing the Law to Those Who Need It

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Drisko Zago
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Working Poor ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Court System ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Societal Problems

This article surveys the Access to Justice movement in the United States and proposes including more types of professionals to develop longer term solutions that will alleviate barriers to the court system. This article discusses the need to expand the access to justice concept to reach beyond the courthouse to address civil legal issues before they blossom into litigation. Mobile outreach providing preventive lawyering and early treatment of societal problems can prevent delays and the bottleneck that many courts are seeing with the vast numbers of Self-Represented Litigants. A team of professionals including lawyers, social workers, nurses, counselors, translators and law librarians, working with a network of public librarians, can make a significant impact into the everyday lives of the working poor and folk of modest means in underserved areas.

International Legal Perspectives on Threat Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 345-359
Author(s):  
Kris Mohandie ◽  
Jens Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Red Flag ◽  
Threat Management ◽  
Evolving Context ◽  
Risk Protection ◽  
Legislative Changes

Threat assessment and threat management occur within the evolving context of legal issues that both enhance and restrict threat investigation and intervention activities. Legal issues affecting threat management practice in Europe and the United States include criminal code statutes and case law that define relevant crimes such as stalking, criminal threats, domestic violence, and other violent crimes that fall within the purview of threat assessors. Additional issues include civil commitment procedures such as involuntary hospitalization, as well as bail and probation conditions. New developments in threat management–related laws are usually precipitated by tragedy and violence. Most recently, in the United States, this led to red flag laws and Extreme Risk Protection Orders in the aftermath of the Parkland, Florida, school shooting in 2018. Similarly, in Germany, the suicide of a stalking victim has resulted in greater sensitivity by the legal system to victim impact in stalking cases. Red flag law preliminary research data related to threat reduction have been promising, and ideally the impact of legislative changes in multiple threat management contexts on victim safety should continue to be assessed so that evidence informs violence risk legal responses.

Japan-United States: Exchange of Letters Containing Medical Technology Procurement Agreement

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-101
Author(s):  
Wendy Silberman ◽  
Laura Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
The Government ◽  
Technology Procurement

On October 1, 1994, the United States and Japan reached agreement on Japanese government procurement of medical technology products and services. This agreement consists of: (1) an exchange of letters between the Governments of Japan and the United States, which include goals, quantitative and qualitative criteria by which to evaluate progress toward the goals and consultation provisions; (2) Measures Related to Japanese Public Sector Procurement of Medical Technology Products and Services, adopted by the Government of Japan on March 29, 1994; (3) Operational Guidelines, which supplement and clarify the Measures; and (4) detailed data collection requirements.

Substituting a Judgment of Best Interests: Dignity and the Application of Objective Principles to PVS Cases in the U.K.

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Pradella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Substituted Judgment ◽  
Abortion Debate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Legislatures

AbstractThe mêlée that surrounded the last days of Terri Schiavo's life was reminiscent of a classical Greek tragedy. Much like Antigone, Ms. Schiavo became enmeshed in irresistible and opposite forces, resolved to use her situation as an arena for the determination of political and legal issues as diverse as the exercise of states' rights, the extent of individual rights, the role of the judiciary, the re-opening of the abortion debate, and the regulation of stem cell research. As Europeans watched the drama unfold, the forces at play in the United States clashed head-on, in a rhetorically inflammatory spectacle which, on this side of the Atlantic, left many aghast. Most unsettling was the prospect of individuals wielding the power of state and national legislatures in what was, ultimately, an intensely personal affair.In the United Kingdom, the struggle was a stark reminder of the differences, not only between British and American political culture, but between our approaches to legal issues which present themselves at the end of life. The existence of well-established procedures and principles, and the extensive involvement of neutral third parties and the courts in pursuit of an objective determination of an individual patient's 'best interests', are key to the conclusion that Terri Schiavo's case would have been handled at least as effectively and efficiently as it was by the courts in Florida and the United States. That issues of consent and capacity can be determined by British courts on the basis of generally applicable principles leads to the subsequent conclusion that a 'best interests' determination leaves significantly less scope for conflict than the individualistic, much more personal and determinative construct of the 'substituted judgment' test in the United States.

Treaty or Travesty?: Legal Issues Surrounding the U.S.- Philippines Military Base Agreement of 1947–1992

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-121
Author(s):  
L. Eve Armentrout Ma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Host Nation ◽  
Do So

AbstractSince the end of World War II, the United States has been foremost in negotiating military bases on foreign soil, and it can be anticipated that it will do so again in the future. In general, these base agreements have had many common elements. Most have allowed the stationing of American troops on foreign soil for a very long period of time, and have involved a certain measure of extraterritoriality. Most have been concluded under conditions of stress for the host country. Often, for example, the host nation has been one that was devastated by war, and was either the recently defeated enemy or the near-prostrate victor. In many cases the host nation was relatively small, economically shaky, and newly independent, fearful of its chances of survival in an unpredictable and often hostile world; and more often than not, the former ruler or territorial administrator was the United States.

The Provision of Interpretation Services for Lesser-Used Languages in the United States Courts

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Schweda Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mise En Œuvre

RÉSUMÉ Les services d'interprétation pour les langues "moins employées" dans les Tribunaux Fédéraux des Etats-Unis: Une perspecive de planification des langues Bien que l'on puisse observer un progrès considérable des services d'interprétation en espagnol/anglais au niveau des Tribunaux Fédéraux depuis une dizaine d'années, il reste nécessaire de s'addresser à la demande d'interprètes compétents pour les langues "moins employées". Le Bureau Administratif des Tribunaux des Etats-Unis d'Amérique est responsable pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre d'un examen de certification en espagnol/anglais et, plus récemment, les examens de certification en créole haïtien/anglais et en navajo/anglais. Sachant que plus de 50 langues sont employées chaque année dans les Tribunaux Fédéraux, cet effort récent de trouver des interprètes qualifiés dans deux autres langues aborde tout juste ce problème. D'un autre côté, le Bureau Administratif est sur la bonne voie, ayant soigneusement planifié le développement, à long terme, d'examens de certification dans plusieurs langues "moins employées" durant les années à venir. RESUMO Interpretadaj servoj por malpli uzataj lingvoj en la usonaj kortumoj: lingvoplanada perspektivo Kvankam oni multe progresis en la pasinta jardeko pri liverado de hispanaj/anglaj interpretadaj servoj je la nivelo de la Federaciaj Kortumoj, oni ankoraŭ ne larĝe frontis la bezonon de interpretistoj por la malpli uzataj lingvoj. La Administra Fako de la Usonaj Kortumoj (AOUSC), kiu respondecas pri evoluigo kaj realigo de la hispana/angla Atesta Ekzameno, lastatempe enplektigis en starigon de atestoekzamenoj pri la haitia kreola kaj la navaha lingvoj. Konsidere ke pli ol kvindek lingvoj estas uzataj ĉiujare en la Federaciaj Kortumoj, la klopodo rajtigi interpretistojn en du pliaj lingvoj apenaŭ tu§as la surfacon de la problemo. Aliflanke, AOUSC iras laŭ la gusta direkto, ĉar ĝi zorge elformulis perspektivajn planojn por starigi atestoekzamenojn por pliaj malpli uzataj lingvoj en tuj venontaj jaroj.

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