scholarly journals Citystats and the History of Community and Segregation in Post-Second World War Urban Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Jordan Stanger-Ross
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Abstract This article introduces an open access website—citystats.uvic.ca —designed to facilitate historical scholarship on ethnicity in post-Second World War Canada. Citystats offers access to two sociological measures of urban residential patterns, D and P*, applying the measures to the ethnic origins variables in the Canadian census for all urban areas since 1961. D, the index of dissimilarity, is the most common gauge of urban residential patterns, describing the extent to which ethnic groups are evenly (or unevenly) distributed across the city. P*, a measurement of the exposure of groups to one another, provides historians with a summary of the everyday surroundings of urban residents. The article explains the measures and highlights some puzzling patterns in the history of urban Canada, especially the segregation of Jewish Canadians and the relative integration of Aboriginal people. Just as scholars might be expected to know (at least approximately) the number of people comprising the group that they intend to study, they should also, I argue, be aware of their distribution across urban space and their exposure to other urbanites.

Bar-Dancing, Palm Wine, and Letters

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-154
Author(s):  
Danielle Porter Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Palm Wine ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Abstract This article focuses on the militarization of social life and leisure in Brazzaville during the Second World War and argues that efforts to instill a sense of control over the city could only suppress life so much, as many Congolese people were unwilling to completely succumb to the will of the administration in a war that seemed to offer very little to their communities or their city as a whole. Furthermore, drinking and dancing served as opportunities to engage with issues of class and race in the wartime capital of Afrique Française Libre. The history of alcohol consumption in Brazzaville is not simply the story of choosing whether or not to drink (or allow others to drink); rather, it is one of many stories of colonial control, exploitation, and racism that plagued Europe’s colonies in Africa during the Second World War.

scholarly journals Changes in the national composition and symbols of Zhovkva’s urban space as a result of the Second World War

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Vasylyna PASTERNAK
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
World War ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
New City ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Before the war, urban symbolic space of Zhovkva was divided between several national groups – Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, who created the culture and history of the city. The foundations for such cohabitation were laid during the construction of the city by the Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, and survived until the start of the war, as evidenced by the memories of its inhabitants. Therefore, the article explains how the ethnic composition of the city’s population has changed and its further influence on the symbolism of the urban space. Subsequently of the dramatic events of the Second World War and the processes of resettlement of the population, two of the national groups disappeared from the urban space. The Jewish community was physically destroyed during the war, and the Poles were evicted from Zhovkva to Poland in 1944–1946. The destruction of the Jews meant the death of the whole subethnos with original culture and history. The resettlement of Poles from Zhovkva, from their homes, was extremely difficult psychologically, because they were saying goodbye to their hometown, where they lived for several generations, were deprived of their homes, property that belonged to the ancestors, they were allowed to take out only 2 tons of items social household consumption. Soviet soldiers and functionaries, peasants from the surrounding villages, who got used to living together and rebuilding Zhovkva, became “new” city dwellers. The “new” residents of the city, in cooperation with the Soviet authorities, changed the symbolic space of the city, starting with the change of name from Zhovkva to Nesterov, in honor of the Russian pilot Peter Nesterov, who died near the city in 1914. The city was built on the socialist urban model, which destroyed the historical and architectural environment of Zhovkva, founded in the XVI century. Architectural sights that testified to the multinational of Zhovkvа were destroyed or completely changed their purpose. Polish churches and monasteries were turned into warehouses or barracks for soldiers, and icons, paintings, statues, religious things were destroyed or exported abroad. Keywords Zhovkva, Stanisław Żółkiewski, Jan ІІІ Sobieski, socio-demographic processes, Poles, Jews, interethnic relations, symbolic space.

scholarly journals Collective actions for reconfiguration of urban space Biały Bór, Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Sergiy Ilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
World War ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Biały Bór is located in the former German territories that came to Poland after the Second World War. The almost complete replacement of the indigenous German and Jewish populations, initially by Polish and soon Ukrainian communities, was the result of the displacement of state borders by the eviction and relocation of millions of people. To do this, the authorities used certain strategies, which brought different approaches and constraints to local communities and urban spaces. The article considers the differences between the declared principles and the actual actions of the authorities in the context of “small stories” of all actors (national communities), as well as the tactics of indirect resistance of the local community to government pressure. Due to the remoteness of the place from the state center and due to its unanimity, the local community becomes the driving force of the spatial development of the city. And since the city is multicultural, the development of public spaces is influenced by the competitiveness (not confrontation) of two local communities. Therefore, the creation of public spaces is considered in the context of the rights of different groups to the city. This paper argues the conditions under which it is the collective actions of local communities that determine the change in the configuration of urban space.

scholarly journals From a history of war into a multicultural urban environment: A cultural impact assessment of the conservation of the Swedish-Russian Fortress of Lappeenranta, Finland

1970 ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Suvi Niinisalo
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

Finland, under Swedish rule at the time, started constructing the Lappeenranta Fortress in the 1720s for defence against an eastern threat. A small town had been founded on the site as early as 1649. In 1741, the Russians invaded the fortress in a fierce battle. Russians, led by Aleksandr Suvorov, started to improve the fortress in the late 18th century. The oldest buildings in the fortress date back to this time. When Finland was annexed into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy, the fortress was employed as a correctional facility for prisoners. After the Second World War, the fortress was left to deteriorate, but in the 1970s a 30-year conservation project was launched. This article explores the effects of this conservation work on the city of Lappeenranta as well as on its inhabitants.

Memory as Rite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War

Itinerario ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madelon de Keizer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
World War ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publication The Wages of Guilt.

scholarly journals Wojenne i powojenne dzieje banków, ich skarbców i dokumentacji – przykład Komunalnej Kasy Oszczędności powiatu poznańskiego

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Stryjkowski
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Savings Bank ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World ◽  
German Mark

Dokumentacja bankowa jest dzisiaj przedmiotem wielostronnego zainteresowania. Najbardziej istotne było zawsze jej znaczenie praktyczne (dla banku oraz jego klientów). Z biegiem czasu stała się ona także przedmiotem studiów historyków, przede wszystkim gospodarczych. Okazuje się jednak, że materiały wytworzone przez banki i ich administracje posiadać mogą również wartość do innych badań. Badacze zainteresowani końcowym okresem II wojny światowej i walkami o Poznań odnajdą w prezentowanym dokumencie wiele informacji, które rzucą nowe światło na sytuację w mieście oraz pozwolą wczuć się w klimat tamtych dni. Dokument ukazuje ponadto problemy związane z odbudową systemu bankowego oraz wprowadzaniem w stolicy Wielkopolski nowego środka płatniczego – złotego polskiego, który zastąpił obowiązującą dotychczas markę niemiecką. War and post-war history of banks, their vaults and records as exemplified by the Communal Savings Bank of the Poznań county At present, banking documentation is a subject of interest for many parties. The practical value of this documentation has always been of prime importance, both for the bank and for its clients. With time, it also became a subject of interest for historians, particularly those specialized in economy. It turns out, though, that materials created by banks and their administrative bodies can also be of value for other researchers. Researchers interested in the final period of the Second World War and battles for Poznań will find this document informative, as it not only sheds new light on the situation in the city, but will also enable them to feel the atmosphere of those days. The document also shows the problems related to reconstructing the banking system and introducing the new currency, the Polish złoty (which replaced the German mark used until that point), in the capital of Greater Poland.

The Transmission of Life: Certain Generalizations about the Demography of Europe's Nations in 1939–41

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lukacs
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

The Second World War became a world war only in December 1941. By that time not only the extent but also the character of its warfare had changed, with the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Thus 1941 was even more of a turning-point in the history of the Second World War than 1917 had been in the history of the First. Most historians of the Second World War would agree with this assessment. Thus it is perhaps not surprising that relatively little interest has been devoted to the history of the everyday lives of European peoples during the years 1939–41, during what could be called in retrospect (perhaps hopefully so) the Last European War.

On the Transnational Destruction of Cities: What Japan and the United States Learned from the Bombing of Britain and Germany in the Second World War*

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Garon
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
Total War ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Abstract How did it become ‘normal’ to bomb civilians? Focusing on the aerial bombardment of China, Germany, Britain, and Japan in 1937-45, this essay spotlights the role of transnational learning in the construction and destruction of ‘home fronts’. Belligerents vigorously studied each other's strategies to destroy the enemy's cities and ‘morale’, while investigating efforts to defend one's own home front by means of ‘civilian defence’. The inclusion of Japan, as bomber and bombed, contributes to a more global, connected history of the Second World War. Japan's sustained bombardment of Chinese cities not only reflected emerging transnational ideas of strategic bombing and total war, but also imparted new ‘lessons’ to Western air forces. Moreover, the devastating US firebombing of Japanese cities in 1945 challenges widely accepted judgments that bombing was generally ineffective, serving only to stiffen civilian morale. Why Japanese cities were bombed, and how they were bombed, was not an exceptional story, but was intimately connected to what the Allies had learned from bombing European urban areas.

scholarly journals Dominikanie tarnobrzescy w czasach II wojny światowej w świetle kroniki zakonnej. Edycja krytyczna

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (26) ◽  
pp. 429-457
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Matyja
Keyword(s):  
Critical Edition ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Needy

[The Dominicans in Tarnobrzeg during the Second World War in the light of a monastic chronicle. A critical edition] The aim of the article is to edit an unknown and unused source, i.e. the chronicle of the Tarnobrzeg monastery from 1939–1945. The edition was preceded by a short introduction to the history of the Dominican community in Tarnobrzeg. For the almost entire period of the occupation, Father Fabian Madura was the prior of the monastery in Tarnobrzeg, and in his activities – also for the benefit of the needy – he was characterized by great courage. He acted on many levels: among others he organized aid for the displaced persons from Wielkopolska, or a kitchen for the poorest. He was active in ministry: he founded a choir which performed numerous charity concerts. Other fathers and brothers who lived in the monastery helped him in all the activities. The source delivers a lot of information about the life of monks in Tarnobrzeg and the history of the city in the war period. The entries from September 1939, when the Nazis invaded the city, are particularly interesting, as well as from the turn of July and August 1944 – at that time Tarnobrzeg was „liberated” by the Soviet army. As a result of these activities, many buildings – including those belonging to the Dominicans – were seriously damaged, which is also mentioned in the presented source.

scholarly journals The Neofascist Network and Madrid, 1945–1953: From City of Refuge to Transnational Hub and Centre of Operations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Pablo del Hierro
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
World War ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
City Of Refuge ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

The aim of this paper is to trace the evolution of the neofascist networks from the vantage point, between 1945 and 1953, of Madrid, a city where a myriad of extreme right activists gathered to discuss and promote their cause at a transnational level. Exploring the local socio-political context in which these (neo)-fascists moved, and the networks that they formed, the study delves into the creation of ratlines crucial for fascists to escape from the Allied prosecution once the Second World War was over, the consolidation of the city as a central meeting point for fascists from all over the world (from Degrelle to Skorzeny, passing by Horia Sima or Filippo Anfuso), discussions around the possible creation of paramilitary organisations, and the everyday lives of (neo)-fascists operating in Madrid. On the basis of police reports, secret service intelligences and other primary sources, this paper foregrounds the role of the fascist diaspora and the subsequent interactions as driving forces enabling entanglements, and cooperation among (neo)-fascist movements and the Francoist regime, at various formal or informal political levels.

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