scholarly journals Postglacial Vegetational History of the Eastern Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, and Holocene Climatic Change Along the Eastern Canadian Seaboard

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Brown Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tree Limit ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Open Woodland ◽  
Avalon Peninsula

ABSTRACT Two radiocarbon-dated pollen profiles from the eastern Avalon Peninsula suggest late déglaciation (probably no earlier than 9700 BP at the coast), followed by a brief period of tundra vegetation. After 9300 BP a rich shrub tundra at lower elevations was invaded by spruce, balsam fir and tree birch until at ca 8400 BP the vegetation was an open woodland. The forest remained open for the next 3000 years; evidence of fire and the continuous presence of Populus suggest drier and warmer conditions than at present. The period of maximum warmth, ca 5400-3200 BP, saw the closing of the forest cover, a rise in the level of the tree limit in the interior upland and an increase in precipitation. After 3200 BP decreasing temperatures resulted in a lowering of the tree limit. The climatic changes inferred for the Avalon Peninsula are compared with those inferred from palaeo-environmental studies along the eastern North American seaboard from Baffin Island to New England. A sequence of changing controls on the regional atmospheric circulation during the Holocene is suggested.

Late Quaternary History of Tundra Vegetation in Northwestern Alaska

1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Anderson ◽  
Patrick J. Bartlein ◽  
Linda B. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quaternary History

AbstractPollen analysis of a new core from Joe Lake indicates that the late Quaternary vegetation of northwestern Alaska was characterized by four tundra and two forest-tundra types. These vegetation types were differentiated by combining quantitative comparisons of fossil and modern pollen assemblages with traditional, qualitative approaches for inferring past vegetation, such as the use of indicator species. Although imprecisely dated, the core probably spans at least the past 40,000 yr. A graminoid-Salix tundra dominated during the later and early portions of the glacial record. The middle glacial interval and the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions are characterized by a graminoid-Betula-Salix tundra. A Populus forest-Betula shrub tundra existed during the middle potion of this transition, being replaced in the early Holocene by a Betula-Alnus shrub tundra. The modern Picea forest-shrub tundra was established by the middle Holocene. These results suggest that the composition of modem tundra communities in northwestern Alaska developed relatively recently and that throughout much of the late Quaternary, tundra communities were unlike the predominant types found today in northern North America. Although descriptions of vegetation variations within the tundra will always be restricted by the innate taxonomic limitations of their herb-dominated pollen spectra, the application of multiple interpretive approaches improves the ability to reconstruct the historical development of this vegetation type.

Postglacial changes of terrestrial and marine environments along the Labrador coast: palynological evidence from cores 91-045-005 and 91-045-006, Cartwright Saddle

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1358-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Levac ◽  
Anne de Vernal
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cyst ◽  
Tree Migration ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Arboreal Pollen ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
Cover Up

The palynology of cores from Cartwright Saddle led to reconstruction of sea-surface conditions on the basis of transfer functions using dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, and to correlations with vegetational history on adjacent land as derived from pollen assemblages. From deglaciation to about 8000 BP, dinoflagellate cyst assemblages dominated by Algidasphaeridium? minutum indicate Arctic-type sea-surface conditions, and pollen assemblages reveal tundra vegetation in southeastern Labrador. Codominance of A.? minutum and Brigantedinium spp. indicate persistence of cold sea-surface conditions (August temperature < 3 °C) and extensive sea-ice cover (up to 11 months/year) until ca. 6000 BP. However, the occurrence of Abies, which reached a maximum abundance at ca. 7000–6000 BP, and increasing percentages of Alnus indicate northward tree migration and development of shrub tundra as a result of warmer terrestrial conditions. Around 6000 BP, the significant occurrence of Peridinium faeroense and Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus suggests the establishment of modern-like conditions in surface waters. This transition coincides with an abrupt increase in the abundance of Picea, associated with the regional development of spruce forests. The later marine record does not indicate any significant trend in sea-surface temperature, whereas decreasing abundance of arboreal pollen reflects opening of the forest cover in response to a slight cooling onshore. Thus, palynological analyses suggest complex changes in continental climate and marine hydrography along the coast of Labrador.

scholarly journals The City-State of Boston: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630–1865

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-636
Author(s):  
Noam Maggor
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
British Empire ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
American Nation

Mark Peterson's The City-State of Boston is a formidable work of history—prodigiously researched, lucidly written, immense in scope, and yet scrupulously detailed. A meticulous history of New England over more than two centuries, the book argues that Boston and its hinterland emerged as a city-state, a “self-governing republic” that was committed first and foremost to its own regional autonomy (p. 6). Rather than as a British colonial outpost or the birthplace of the American Revolution—the site of a nationalist struggle for independence—the book recovers Boston's long-lost tradition as a “polity in its own right,” a fervently independent hub of Atlantic trade whose true identity placed it in tension with the overtures of both the British Empire and, later, the American nation-state (p. 631).

Environmental evolution and anthropogenic forcing in the Garigliano coastal plain (Italy) during the Holocene

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110032
Author(s):  
Halinka Di Lorenzo ◽  
Pietro Aucelli ◽  
Giuseppe Corrado ◽  
Mario De Iorio ◽  
Marcello Schiattarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Pollen Data ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich

The Garigliano alluvial-coastal plain, at the Latium-Campania border (Italy), witnessed a long-lasting history of human-environment interactions, as demonstrated by the rich archaeological knowledge. With the aim of reconstructing the evolution of the landscape and its interaction with human activity during the last millennia, new pollen results from the coastal sector of the Garigliano Plain were compared with the available pollen data from other nearby sites. The use of pollen data from both the coastal and marine environment allowed integrating the local vegetation dynamics within a wider regional context spanning the last 8000 years. The new pollen data presented in this study derive from the analysis of a core, drilled in the coastal sector, which intercepted the lagoon-marshy environments that occurred in the plain as a response to the Holocene transgression and subsequent coastal progradation. Three radiocarbon ages indicate that the chronology of the analyzed core interval ranges from c. 7200 to c. 2000 cal yr BP. The whole data indicate that a dense forest cover characterized the landscape all along the Prehistoric period, when a few signs of human activity are recorded in the spectra, such as cereal crops, pasture activity and fires. The main environmental changes, forced by natural processes (coastal progradation) but probably enhanced by reclamation works, started from the Graeco-Roman period and led to the reduction of swampy areas that favoured the colonisation of the outer plain.

CLINICAL CONFERENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1016-1022
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
England Journal ◽  
New England ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
State School ◽  
Staten Island ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Admission

Dr. Krugman: Since 1953 approximately 400 cases of infectious hepatitis with jaundice have been observed at the Willowbrook State School on Staten Island. The studies to be described were carried out in collaboration with Dr. Robert Ward and Dr. Joan Giles of our staff, Dr. A. Milton Jacobs of Willowbrook State School and Dr. Oscar Bodansky of Sloan-Kettering Institute. I should like to present a progress report of our investigations which have been concerned with the prevention and natural history of infectious hepatitis at Willowbrook. (A report of these studies has recently appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine (248:407, 1958) to which the reader may refer for further details.) It had been previously reported by Stokes and associates that the administration of gamma-globulin was followed by not only a lower incidence of hepatitis but also a prolongation of the protective effect. Stokes postulated that "passive-active" immunity was responsible for this phenomenon. The epidemic of hepatitis at Willowbrook provided us with an opportunity to test this hypothesis. Effect of Gamma-globulin on the Frequency of Infectious Hepatitis. Figure 1 illustrates the course of the outbreak at Willowbrook beginning in January, 1955. As can be seen, hepatitis continued to occur at a rate of about two to three cases per week. The cases, predominantly in children, occurred in 18 buildings in the institution. In June of 1956 gamma-globulin, 0.01 ml/lb, was administered to approximately a third of the inmates of each building. The control and inoculated groups were comparable as to age and time of admission to Willowbrook.

scholarly journals Gold, timber, war and parks : A history of the Rushworth Forest in central Victoria

2010 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Lawrence ◽  
Marc P. Bellette
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
World War ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
History Of

The Rushworth Forest is a Box and Ironbark open sclerophyll forest in central Victoria that has been subject to a long history of gold mining activity and forest utilisation. This paper documents the major periods of land use history in the Rushworth Forest and comments on the environmental changes that have occurred as a result. During the 1850s to 1890s, the Forest was subject to extensive gold mining operations, timber resource use, and other forest product utilisation, which generated major changes to the forest soils, vegetation structure and species cover. From the 1890s to 1930s, concern for diminishing forest cover across central Victoria led to the creation of timber reserves, including the Rushworth State Forest. After the formation of a government forestry department in 1919, silvicultural practices were introduced which aimed at maximising the output of tall timber production above all else. During World War II, the management of the Forest was taken over by the Australian Army as Prisoner of War camps were established to harvest timber from the Forest for firewood production. Following the War, the focus of forestry in Victoria moved away from the Box and Ironbark forests, but low value resource utilisation continued in the Rushworth Forest from the 1940s to 1990s. In 2002, about one-third of the Forest was declared a National Park and the other two-thirds continued as a State Forest. Today, the characteristics of the biophysical environment reflect the multiple layers of past land uses that have occurred in the Rushworth Forest.

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