scholarly journals German Revisionpolitik, 1919‑1933

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Carole Fink
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Nazi Regime ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Prime Source

Abstract Germany's revisionist policy in the interwar period constituted a prime source of international instability. From the Treaty of Versailles to the advent of Adolf Hitler, the statesmen of the Weimar Republic pursued a purposeful, nationalistic diplomacy aimed at eroding the treaty's main provisions. Revisionspolitik, which united most segments of the Reich public, was highly successful: the divisions among the former allies and Soviet Russia helped contribute to the achievements of the statesmen Rathenau, Stresemann and Bruning. By 1933 the Nazi regime, less prudent and more militant, was able to build on its predecessors' labours to regain German hegemony in Europe, supported by a nation grown accustomed to an irredentist foreign policy as welt as by diplomatic partners who had largely acquiesced in Berlin's revisionism. Though historians still differ over the style, methods, individual practitioners, and short- and long-term goals of Weimar foreign policy, it seems clear that it was the most pervasive, integral element of republican diplomacy.

The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia

1943 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gurian
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The One

“Russian policy is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma,” Winston Churchill stated. But Joseph Stalin claimed: “Our policy is simple and clear.” These statements which apparently contradict each other can be reconciled. For the mysterious character of the Russian foreign policy is the result, precisely, of the apparent clearness of its principles. Since its birth, the Soviet regime has always described itself as the standard-bearer of the Marxian doctrine and the Communist world revolution; yet this aim has always permitted the use of the most varied methods. Glaring contradictions in practice were defended by the same slogans and formulas. On the one hand, the Soviet regime, apparently sacrificed Russia to the world revolution; on the other hand, it seemed to put the world revolution into the service of the proletarian fatherland. The Soviet regime utilized the German opposition to the status quo created by the treaty of Versailles as well as the French fear of German imperialism and of Germany's attempts to obtain mastery in Europe and throughout the world. The Soviet regime for years regarded moderate Socialists as its most hated enemies, but later it tried to cooperate with them in the anti-Fascist Popular Front. The leaders of the Soviets sometimes proclaimed that the world revolution was around the corner but that belief has not prevented them at other times from regarding it only as a remote possibility in a far distant future.

Conclusion

Unconditional ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Marc Gallicchio
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Domestic Policies ◽  
Harry Truman

As we observe the seventy-fifth anniversary of the surrender of Japan, it becomes clear that the terms on which that surrender took place remain among the most central and the most contested issues—and with good reason. Unconditional surrender was destined to be controversial because it was Roosevelt’s policy. It incited the same ideological divisions as his domestic policies and extended those battles to the arenas of foreign policy and military strategy. My goal in this book has been to explain the reasons for the debate over unconditional surrender, so that we can better understand the decisions that Harry Truman and his advisors made and their short- and long-term ramifications. It comes down to two main conclusions about those decisions: that they were strongly influenced by ideological considerations and that the push to modify unconditional surrender was closely tied to concern over the consequences of Soviet entry into the war. A third conclusion is that the chance for a negotiated peace in 1945 was exceedingly slim, given that before August 14, the Japanese never indicated they were willing to accept a dramatic change in their political structure that would reduce the emperor to a symbol without authority or power....

THE POLICY OF SOVIET RUSSIA IN RELATION TO NATIONAL AND ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (20-30 S OF THE XX CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Elena Emelyanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Political Support ◽  
National Program ◽  
Soviet Russia

The overview is devoted to the analysis of publications by foreign historians on the problem of the national policy of Soviet Russia in the interwar period. The article considers the theoretical aspects of the national program of the Bolsheviks, political support through the Comintern of national and anti-colonial movements in the most sensitive regions of Europe and Asia, training of national personnel in specialized universities in Moscow. Foreign research reveals the overlap of the goals of the national parties and the foreign policy interests of Soviet Russia.

Short- and Long-Term Results of Total vs Subtotal Thyroid- ectomies in the Surgical Treatment of Graves' Disease

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert ◽  
Mariéthoz ◽  
Pache ◽  
Bertin ◽  
Caulfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽  
Short And Long Term

Objective: Approximately one out of five patients with Graves' disease (GD) undergoes a thyroidectomy after a mean period of 18 months of medical treatment. This retrospective and non-randomized study from a teaching hospital compares short- and long-term results of total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomies (ST) for this disease. Methods: From 1987 to 1997, 94 patients were operated for GD. Thirty-three patients underwent a TT (mostly since 1993) and 61 a ST (keeping 4 to 8 grams of thyroid tissue - mean 6 g). All patients had received propylthiouracil and/or neo-mercazole and were in a euthyroid state at the time of surgery; they also took potassium iodide (lugol) for ten days before surgery. Results: There were no deaths. Transient hypocalcemia (< 3 months) occurred in 32 patients (15 TT and 17 ST) and persistent hypocalcemia in 8 having had TT. Two patients developed transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after ST (< 3 months). After a median follow-up period of seven years (1-15) with five patients lost to follow-up, 41 patients having had a ST are in a hypothyroid state (73%), thirteen are euthyroid (23%), and two suffered recurrent hyperthyroidism, requiring completion of thyroidectomy. All 33 patients having had TT - with follow-ups averaging two years (0.5-8) - are receiving thyroxin substitution. Conclusions: There were no instances of persistent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in either group, but persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred more frequently after TT. Long after ST, hypothyroidism developed in nearly three of four cases, whereas euthyroidy was maintained in only one-fourth; recurrent hyperthyroidy was rare.

Short- and long-term memory tasks predict working memory performance, and vice versa.

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Neath ◽  
Jean Saint-Aubin ◽  
Tamra J. Bireta ◽  
Andrew J. Gabel ◽  
Chelsea G. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short And Long Term
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