scholarly journals Homeless Inuit in Montreal

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Kishigami
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Inuit Population ◽  
Urban Inuit ◽  
Urban Adaptation ◽  
Inuit Community ◽  
Community Centre

Abstract Migration of the Inuit into southern Canadian cities from the Arctic increased substantially during the 1980s. Approximately 10,000 out of a total of 50,000 Inuit lived outside the Canadian Arctic regions in 2006. As the number of urban Inuit is increasing, so too is that of homeless Inuit in large southern cities. It is estimated that there are more than 90 homeless Inuit in Montreal, which has an Inuit population of about 800. This paper describes the life and characteristics of homeless urban Inuit in Montreal, and the activities of the Native Friendship Centre of Montreal and of the Association of Montreal Inuit, which are essential for their survival. The Inuit of Montreal have yet to form useful social networks to ease their urban adaptation. An Inuit community centre, where information and food can be shared, should be established in Montreal to change the present situation of homeless Inuit.

Pan-arctic glaciers volume changes over 1975-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaury Dehecq ◽  
Alex Gardner ◽  
Romain Hugonnet ◽  
Joaquin Belart
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Elevation Change ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Digital Elevation

<p>Glaciers retreat contributed to about 1/3 of the observed sea level rise since 1971 (IPCC). However, long term estimates of glaciers volume changes rely on sparse field observations and region-wide satellite observations are available mostly after 2000. The now declassified images from the American reconnaissance satellite series Hexagon (KH-9), that acquired 6 m resolution stereoscopic images from 1971 to 1986, open new possibilities for glaciers observation.</p><p>Based on recently published methodology (Dehecq et al., 2020, doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.566802), we process all available KH-9 images over the Arctic (Canadian arctic, Iceland, Svalbard, Russian arctic) to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and ortho-images for the period 1974-1980. We validate the KH-9 DEMs over Iceland against elevation derived from historical aerial images acquired within a month from the satellite acquisition.</p><p>Finally, we calculate the glacier elevation change between the historical DEMs and modern elevation obtained from a time series of ASTER stereo images and validated against ICESat-2 elevation. The geodetic glacier mass balance is calculated for all pan-Arctic regions and analyzed with reference to the last 20 years evolution.</p>

scholarly journals Frequent Ultrafine Particle Formation and Growth in the Canadian Arctic Marine Environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Collins ◽  
Julia Burkart ◽  
Rachel Y.-W. Chang ◽  
Martine Lizotte ◽  
Aude Boivin-Rioux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Lower Cloud ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

Abstract. The source strength and capability of aerosol particles in the Arctic to act as cloud condensation nuclei have important implications for understanding the indirect aerosol-cloud effect within the polar climate system. It has been shown in several Arctic regions that ultrafine particle (UFP) formation and growth is a key contributor to aerosol number concentrations during the summer. This study uses aerosol number size distribution measurements from ship-board measurement expeditions aboard the research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen in the summers of 2014 and 2016 throughout the Canadian Arctic to gain a deeper understanding of the drivers of UFP formation and growth within this marine boundary layer. UFP number concentrations (diameter > 4 nm) in the range of 101–104 cm−3 were observed across the two seasons, with concentrations greater than 103 cm−3 occurring more frequently in 2016. Higher concentrations in 2016 were associated with UFP formation and growth, with events occurring on 41 % of days, while events were only observed on 6 % of days in 2014. Assessment of relevant parameters for aerosol nucleation showed that the median condensation sink in this region was approximately 1.2 h−1 in 2016 and 2.2 h−1 in 2014, which lie at the lower end of ranges observed at even the most remote stations reported in the literature. Apparent growth rates of all observed events in both expeditions averaged 4.3 ± 4.1 nm h−1, in general agreement with other recent studies at similar latitudes. Higher solar radiation, lower cloud fractions, and lower sea ice concentrations combined with differences in the developmental stage and activity of marine microbial communities within the Canadian Arctic were documented and help explain differences between the aerosol measurements made during the 2014 and 2016 expeditions. These findings help to motivate further studies of biosphere-atmosphere interactions within the Arctic marine environment to explain the production of UFP and their growth to sizes relevant for cloud droplet activation.

scholarly journals Frequent ultrafine particle formation and growth in Canadian Arctic marine and coastal environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 13119-13138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Collins ◽  
Julia Burkart ◽  
Rachel Y.-W. Chang ◽  
Martine Lizotte ◽  
Aude Boivin-Rioux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Climate ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Lower Cloud ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

Abstract. The source strength and capability of aerosol particles in the Arctic to act as cloud condensation nuclei have important implications for understanding the indirect aerosol–cloud effect within the polar climate system. It has been shown in several Arctic regions that ultrafine particle (UFP) formation and growth is a key contributor to aerosol number concentrations during the summer. This study uses aerosol number size distribution measurements from shipboard expeditions aboard the research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen in the summers of 2014 and 2016 throughout the Canadian Arctic to gain a deeper understanding of the drivers of UFP formation and growth within this marine boundary layer. UFP number concentrations (diameter > 4 nm) in the range of 101–104 cm−3 were observed during the two seasons, with concentrations greater than 103 cm−3 occurring more frequently in 2016. Higher concentrations in 2016 were associated with UFP formation and growth, with events occurring on 41 % of days, while events were only observed on 6 % of days in 2014. Assessment of relevant parameters for aerosol nucleation showed that the median condensation sink in this region was approximately 1.2 h−1 in 2016 and 2.2 h−1 in 2014, which lie at the lower end of ranges observed at even the most remote stations reported in the literature. Apparent growth rates of all observed events in both expeditions averaged 4.3 ± 4.1 nm h−1, in general agreement with other recent studies at similar latitudes. Higher solar radiation, lower cloud fractions, and lower sea ice concentrations combined with differences in the developmental stage and activity of marine microbial communities within the Canadian Arctic were documented and help explain differences between the aerosol measurements made during the 2014 and 2016 expeditions. These findings help to motivate further studies of biosphere–atmosphere interactions within the Arctic marine environment to explain the production of UFP and their growth to sizes relevant for cloud droplet activation.

scholarly journals The role of extractive industries in developing peripheral Arctic regions of Russia and Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-271
Author(s):  
Elena Efimova ◽  
◽  
Daria Gritsenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extractive Industry ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Russian Federation and Canada are the largest arctic powers that have similar features in evolving their Arctic zones. In the mid-1920s both countries formalized their rights to the northern territories. Russian and Canadian arctic regions are located in harsh climatic zones,geographically distant from national political and business centers, poorly populated, and rich in natural resources. At the same time, there are obvious differences in political institutions,“core-periphery” relationships, business organization, and social activities of aboriginal people and newcomers. The purpose of this study is a comparative evaluation how the rich resource base and industrial production impact on the socio-economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia and Canada. To reach the goal authors use the official statistical sources of the Russian Federation and Canada. Case study method, comparative analysis, and econometric calculations are applied. As a result similar and distinctive features of the industrial development of the Arctic regions of these countries were identified. It can be explained, first of all, by the institutional characteristics of Russia and Canada. Comparing an evidence of the leading extractive companies completed the empirical analysis. Authors concluded that the regions under consideration are characterized by a high or medium share of the extractive industry in the regional economy. Specialization in natural resources extraction and primary processing does not have a negative impact on the economic development of the territories. However, outer companies are engaged in this business that increases the dependence of the regional economy on the conjuncture of world markets. The article investigates in empirical studying common features of the extractive industry in the peripheral Russian and Canadian Arctic territories and its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions.

scholarly journals Measurements of the dissolved inorganic carbon system and associated biogeochemical parameters in the Canadian Arctic, 1974–2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Giesbrecht ◽  
L. A. Miller ◽  
S. Zimmermann ◽  
E. Carmack ◽  
W. K. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Biogeochemical Parameters ◽  
Carbon System

Abstract. We have assembled and conducted primary quality control on previously publically-unavailable water column measurements of the dissolved inorganic carbon system and associated biogeochemical parameters (oxygen, nutrients, etc.) made on 25 cruises in the subarctic and Arctic regions dating from as far back as 1974. The measurements are primarily from the western side of the Canadian Arctic, but also include data ranging from the North Pacific to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The data were subjected to primary quality control (QC) to identify outliers and obvious errors. This dataset incorporates over four thousand individual measurements of total inorganic carbon (TIC), alkalinity, and pH from the Canadian Arctic over a period of more than 30 yr and provides an opportunity to increase our understanding of temporal changes in the inorganic carbon system in northern waters and the Arctic Ocean. The dataset is available for download on the CDIAC website: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/IOS_Arctic_Database/ (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.IOS_ARCT_CARBN).

The Preparation of Skins and Clothing in the Eastern Canadian Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 4 (28) ◽  
pp. 156-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. ◽  
E. W. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Practical Information ◽  
Eastern Canadian Arctic

During the eight years I spent in the Arctic, I have experimented with a variety of clothing, but in neither winter nor summer have I found any more suitable than that worn by the present-day Eskimos in districts where caribou are still plentiful. From 1938 to 1941 we prepared all our own skins, and my wife made all the skin clothing excepting the seal-skin boots. The descriptions are primarily intended to give practical information on clothing to travellers in Arctic regions. For this reason we have made no attempt to discuss women's clothing. My wife adopted men's clothing because of its superior convenience, and because it requires less material. Women's clothing is made with a view both of being different from the men's and of accommodating the baby, always carried on the back. Except as otherwise indicated, both the clothing and the methods of preparation here described are those of the Eskimos of Baffin Island, Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, and the coastal region from Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet; and where mention is made of “the Eskimos”, the reference is to those of these regions only.

Hydrographic Research in the Canadian Arctic

1979 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-382
Author(s):  
G.R. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
The Future

Prior to the mid 1960s, few ships dared to venture into the high Arctic regions of Canada. The advent of hydrocarbon exploration and the virtual certainty of production, coupled with the possibility of year-round shipping, has given the bathymetric charts of the Arctic a totally new importance. The Canadian Hydrographic Service is responding to this new importance by developing systems and techniques to cope with the charting requirements in the hostile environment. The ever present ice, the remoteness of the area and the specialized requirements preclude the use of conventional survey techniques and platforms. This paper reviews the research and development of new systems, the adaptation of existing platforms and the development of techniques of the past decade that have enabled the Canadian Hydrographic Service to carry out reconnaissance and detailed surveys in this unique environment. The future systems, which are intended to provide continuous bathymetric profiles from the surface of the ice, and alternate solutions to enhance present bottom coverage are discussed. Developments to improve the capability and reliability of tidal and current measurements in ice-covered waters are also described.

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