scholarly journals Deux modalités de la peine et leurs effets sur le criminel

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Cusson
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Basic Fact ◽  
Social Reaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mixed Measure ◽  
Probable Reaction

AbstractTWO TYPES OF PUNISHMENTAND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CRIMINALThe examination of the immediate, spontaneous social reaction of groups towards deviants makes it possible to distinguish two very different types of punishment : corrective and stigmatizing. Corrective punishment is a measure intended to change the behaviour of a delinquent and to maintain him within the group. Stigmatizing punishment consists of attaching a dishonourable label to the delinquent and rejecting him from the group to which he belongs. When a person who is receptive to the influence of his group undergoes corrective punishment, his most probable reaction will be to conform to the expectations of his group. But if he is subjected to stigmatizing punishment, there is a possibility that he will interiorize the criminal identity attributed to him. He will then enter into conflict with the group and with others, and will tend to become integrated into a criminal group and become a recidivist criminal.A study of recidivism, conducted on the basis of concepts of correction and stigmatization, makes it possible to formulate the following two propositions : 1) an individual who is easily influenced by his group will have a greater tendency to recidivate if, over a substantial period of time, the predominant reaction to his offenses is one of stigmatization. He will have less of a tendency to recidivate if the predominant reaction to his offenses is corrective ; 2) penal measures influence recidivism, not directly, but through the agency of the immediate social reaction. The penal measures start a process of stigmatization from the outset, which has an effect on the probability of recidivism.The concepts of correction and stigmatization are also useful in the study of the evolution of penal measures. They make two other propositions possible : 3) the more complex societies become, the less the State tends to resort to stigmatizing punishment and the more it resorts to corrective punishment ; 4) imprisonment is a punishment which was developed during a period of transition during which stigmatizing punishment was losing out in favour of corrective punishment. It is a mixed measure which attempts to reach a compromise between stigmatization and correction. Because it contains elements that are incompatible, the prison will eventually fall into disuse.At the level of action, the distinction between corrective punishment makes it possible to resolve seemingly insurmountable difficulties within the framework of the present ideology of treatment. It leads to the recognition of this basic fact, that all social reaction to an act that is disapproved of is a punishment, and care must be taken to safeguard the rights of thedelinquent, even when we claim to be treating him. Furthermore, this concept leads to the admission that all punishment is liable to contain elements of stigmatization. Only measures that are strictly necessary should therefore be applied to the delinquent, for fear of releasing, in an excess of zeal, a process of stigmatization that will only accentuate the delinquent's anti-social tendencies.

Atomization of Liquids by Means of a Rotating Cup

1950 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hinze ◽  
H. Milborn
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Drop Formation ◽  
Dimensionless Groups ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Centrifugal Action

Abstract Liquid, supplied through a stationary tube to the inner part of a rotating cup widening toward a brim, flows viscously in a thin layer toward this brim and is then flung off, all by centrifugal action. The flow within this layer and the disintegration phenomena occurring beyond the brim have been studied, experimentally as well as theoretically. A formula has been derived for the thickness and for the radial velocity of the liquid layer within the cup, which proved to agree reasonably well with experimental results. Three essentially different types of disintegration may take place around and beyond the edge of the cup designated, respectively, by: (a) the state of direct drop formation; (b) the state of ligament formation; and (c) the state of film formation. Which one of these is realized depends upon working conditions. Transition from state (a) into (b), or of state (b) into state (c) is promoted by an increased quantity of supply, an increased angular speed, a decreased diameter of the cup, an increased density, an increased viscosity, and a decreased surface tension of the liquid. The experimental results have been expressed in relationships between relevant dimensionless groups. For the state of ligament formation a semiempirical relationship has been derived between the number of ligaments and dimensionless groups determining the working conditions of the cup. Results of drop-size measurements made for the state of ligament formation as well as for the state of film formation show that atomization by mere rotation of the cup is much more uniform than commonly achieved with pressure atomizers.

Differential Multipliers for Tourism in Victoria

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. West ◽  
Ari Gamage
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The State ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Different Types

This study assesses the significance of different types of tourists to Victoria, Australia, by their relative contribution to the economy. Differential impacts are calculated using an input–output model incorporating marginal household coefficients. The analysis demonstrates that the conventional input–output model can overestimate the flow-on effects to value added, income and employment by a significant amount. It finds that domestic tourists are the largest contributor to the State economy, with day-trippers spending the greatest amount. International tourists rank last in terms of economic impacts on the state.

Inside global financial networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura-Marie Töpfer
Keyword(s):  
Firm Behavior ◽  
Financial System ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Networks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Competitive Hierarchies ◽  
Global Financial System

The commentaries on this forum’s anchor article, ‘China’s Integration into the Global Financial System: Toward a State-led Conception of Global Financial Networks’, examine how the state is shaping global financial networks (GFNs). In response to these reviews, this article discusses three common themes that bind the different commentaries: (1) different types of agency, power, and the rise of new actors; (2) the methodology behind studying state-led GFNs; and (3) the structural question of ‘Chinese exceptionalism’ as a mode of capitalism. Overall, this article affirms that the state remains central to our understanding of competitive hierarchies and firm behavior in financial networks.

Central Places and Cities: A Consideration of the Protohistoric Tarascan State

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Perlstein Pollard
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
Central Places ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Urban Status ◽  
Lake Patzcuaro Basin ◽  
Tarascan State

Systems of human settlement serve as primary sources of evidence for investigating variability in the evolution of complex societies. In particular, the existence of and nature of cities reveals much about the nature and direction of sociopolitical changes characteristic of prehistoric states. The present study places the analysis of prehistoric urbanism within the context of settlement system analyses and applies this approach to the protohistoric Tarascan state of western Mexico. This first synthesis of our knowledge of major Tarascan settlements evaluates the protohistoric communities at Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio, Pátzcuaro, and Erongarícuaro (within the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin) and considers those outside the Tarascan core, especially Zacapu. This study suggests that the Tarascan state did not participate in the Central Mexican urban tradition, and that the historic capital, Tzintzuntzan, may have been unique in its urban status. Rather, the state was characterized by a complex and overlapping network of central places and specialized places. To the extent that this pattern diverges from other prehistoric systems it constitutes one source for understanding the diversity in the protohistoric Mesoamerican world.

scholarly journals SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFICIENT DAILY ROUTINE OF STUDENTS AT MODERN EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1516-1520
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Tymoshchuk ◽  
Oksana Y. Zhurakivska ◽  
Volodymyr V. Derpak ◽  
Iryna O. Kostitska ◽  
Iryna T. Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Health State ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Educational Conditions

The aim of study is special aspects of the efficient daily routine of students at modern educational institutions of different types, and its influence on psychophysical functions, adaptive abilities, the quality of life as well as the state of mental and somatic health of the youngsters. Materials and methods: While studying special aspects of the daily routine of students at modern educational institutions and their influence on the state of physical and mental health, the young people were observed in five modern educational establishments in Ivano-Frankivsk: Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk Finance Commercial Cooperative College named after S.Granat, Ivano-Frankivsk music school named after Denis Sichinskiy, Ivano-Frankivsk Vocational Motor Transport and Construction Lyceum № 15, Ivano-Frankivsk boarding lyceum for gifted young people from rural areas. 300 students were observed (150 female students and 150 male students). The study analyzed their educational conditions, daily routine tension, and activities during breaks, special aspects of leisure arrangements, amount of time spent on homework, subjective assessment of the level of tension of the educational process, and their projected influence on the health state of students by using static models. Results: Received results of the assessment of sanitary and hygienic conditions under which training takes place at modern educational institutions of different types, as well as conditions of after school activities of the students, by applying common methods to evaluate illumination level, microclimate, and air quality have revealed that the youngsters’ conditions at modern educational institutions are marked by absence of significant deviations from common hygienic requirements, they are similar and easily comparable and that enables defensibly and illuminatively to identify main features of influence of the different psychohygienic methods on the development of health maintaining tools and the establishment of features of the formation of functional capabilities and the basic correlates of mental and physical health. Conclusions: The educational conditions of young people in modern educational establishments can be described as not having considerable deviations from common hygienic requirements, being easily comparable and enabling to identify main influence factors of different types of psychohygienic methods of developing and implementing of healthmaintaining tools on the course of formation of the functional capabilities of the body and the development of the main adaptation reactions in young males and females.

scholarly journals A look at the problem of exposure of the population caused by X-ray diagnostics: approaches to analysis and forecasting

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
A.I.  Sevalnev ◽  
A.V. Kutsak ◽  
L.P. Sharavara ◽  
Yu.V. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Dose Load ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Radiological Studies

The article is devoted to the analysis of limitation of dose load on the population as a result of radiological researches. It is especially actual and represents rather high scientific and practical interest. In this regard, it is very important to have information about the state of the dose load of the population in separate regions and to rank types of diagnostics by the amount of their contribution to the total dose of medical exposure. The aim of the work was to study the state of dose load of the population of Zaporizhzhia region due to X-ray diagnostics, to develop approaches to analysis and forecasting regarding its limitation. Analytical, statistical calculation and logical generalization methods were used in the course of the work. We used the results of studies carried out in accordance with the regional “Program for the Protection of the Population of Zaporizhzhia Region from the Effect of Ionizing Radiation. The authors analyzed scientific publications (15 sources), including 9 Ukrainian and 6 foreign on the relevance of the problem of exposure of the population caused by X-ray diagnostics. The analysis of the results allowed to determine that in 2010-2014 the radiation dose of the population of Zaporizhzhia region due to X-ray diagnostics averaged 0.92 mSv year-1, in 2015-2016 the dose increased and amounted to 0.96 mSv year-1. The proposed approach to the analysis makes it possible to summarize and model data on radiological studies of the population over a long period of time, to identify persistent trends in the contribution of different types of radiation diagnostics to the dose of medical radiation. All this is necessary for the development, first of all, of measures to reduce the frequency of radiography, its replacement by other diagnostic methods. Priority tasks aimed at reducing the dose load of the population due to X-ray examinations are proposed.

scholarly journals Movement Studies on a Hanging Glacier in Relation with an Ice Avalanche

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 671-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Flotron
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
The State ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Velocity Versus ◽  
Surface Part ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Ice Avalanche

AbstractIn 1972 the state of a hanging glacier on the Weisshorn gave cause for alarm, as part of it seemed to be accelerating and a repetition of an earlier avalanche of ice seemed possible (see Röthlisberger, previous abstract). For this reason movement surveys were undertaken. The various surveying methods applied on the Weisshorn are outlined and the accuracy of the measurements is given. By least-square analysis different types of curves have been fitted to the data for velocity versus time. The best fit obtained so-far has been with hyperbolae. The confidence of extrapolations from such curves is discussed in relation to forecasts. By evaluating repeated photographs taken by an automatic camera from a single position, using a stereo plotter, the flow pattern has been established at the surface, part of the front, and one of the lateral faces of the ice mass. Changes with time caused by the deformation of the ice mass, the formation of crevasses and the crumbling away of the ice at the edge have been observed.

Violent Origins of Authoritarian Variation: Rebellion Type and Regime Type in Cold War Southeast Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Slater
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

AbstractDictatorships are every bit as institutionally diverse as democracies, but where does this variation come from? This article argues that different types of internal rebellion influence the emergence of different types of authoritarian regimes. The critical question is whether rebel forces primarily seek to seize state power or to escape it. Regional rebellions seeking toescapethe state raise the probability of a military-dominated authoritarian regime, since they are especially likely to unify the military while heightening friction between civilian and military elites. Leftist rebellions seeking toseizethe state are more likely to give rise to civilian-dominated dictatorships by inspiring ‘joint projects’ in which military elites willingly support party-led authoritarian rule. Historical case studies of Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam illustrate the theory, elaborating how different types of violent conflict helped produce different types of dictatorships across the breadth of mainland and island Southeast Asia during the Cold War era.

Peculiarities of coping with stress among youngsters with various accentuation types

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Tatiana Razuvaeva ◽  
◽  
Maria Chuykova ◽  
A Lemzyakova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The State ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Components

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the experience of loneliness in young people with different types of accentuations. In this paper, the experience of loneliness is considered not only through the main components of this phenomenon (isolation, alienation, need for company, etc.), but also from the angle of the principle of casuality or the reasons why a person feels lonely. According to the data obtained as a result of our research, the need for psychocorrective work aimed at overcoming the feeling of loneliness and mastering the skills of coping with the state of loneliness in young people was justified.

Confucianism on Political Legitimacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Tongdong Bai
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Fact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
The People ◽  
Xun Zi ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Political Decisions

This chapter discusses political legitimacy within the Confucian context. It attempts reconcile the early Confucians’ embrace of equality with their defense of hierarchy. The chapter also considers how to reconcile their idea that the legitimacy of the state lies in service to the people, with the idea that it is not the people alone who make the final political decisions. It shows that the lack of capacities of making sound political decisions by the masses cannot result from the failure of the state to secure basic goods, education, and other necessary conditions for people to make sound political decisions, and it has to be the result of a basic fact of human life. That is, in spite of all these governmental efforts that are demanded by them, and in spite of their beliefs that human beings are all potentially equal (Mencius and Xun Zi) or close to being equal (Confucius), early Confucians also took it as a fact of life that the majority of the people cannot actually obtain the capacity necessary to make sound political decisions and participate fully in politics.

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