scholarly journals Vers une nouvelle conception des valeurs

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-146
Author(s):  
Francyne Goyer-Michaud ◽  
Christian Debuyst
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Level ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
A Value ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
Animal Psychology ◽  
Motivational Values ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
True Values

AbstractTOWARD A NEW CONCEPT OF VALUES : PSYCHOLOGY'S CONTRIBUTION TO VALUE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINOLOGYThe present article introduces a new style of presentation to our review. It was not written by a team, but is the beginning of a dialogue between authors. Part Three by Christian Debuyst is a commentary on the first two sections written by Francyne Goyer-Michaud, which bear on values in psychology and on the elaboration of a new concept of values and its application to juvenile delinquency.Using the guiding theory developed by Spranger and Allport, in which values are defined as the motivations which predispose behaviour, a new concept of values is established — « motivational » values. There would be intermediary values between the individual and the world of values to which he adheres which induce both his values and his non-values, and which receive their power to do so from one of the well-known motivations — anxiety. It became possible, then, to attach to motivating values a typology based on anxiety. In this way, we infer that there are four types of motivating values resulting from anxiety : hedonistic anxiety where behaviour is guided by both the search for pleasure and escape from unpleasantness ; other-directed anxiety which is the fear of losing the love of one's peers ; authority-oriented anxiety, which is fear of the disapproval of authority figures ; and last, integral anxiety, where one fears a lowering of self-esteem. A study of the characteristics of young delinquents made it possible to establish the hypothesis that, in comparison with their socially integrated peers, they were more susceptible than the latter to the first two types of anxiety, and less susceptible to the other two.Along with the formulation of this new concept, the various methods used in measuring the values were studied to select the one that seemed the most suitable for the problem in question.Christian Debuyst bases his critical view of the study of values on four questions that came to mind after reading the text of Francyne Goyer-Michaud. The first concerns the concept of values itself. He believes a differentiation must be made between functional values and true values, and that the motivational values developed by Francyne Goyer-Michaud apply only to the first. He next reflects on anxiety as a source of values, advancing the theory that fear constitutes the motivation of a rather elementary morality which, though it never completely disappears, must eventually be replaced by a higher morality where others are seen as a value.After thinking about the concepts of personality which underly the type of adherence to values, he recognizes two presuppositions in the theory of the personality serving as the basis for the idea of values proposed by Francyne Goyer-Michaud : psychic economy leading to a reduction of tension, a completely Freudian concept, and a very sociological definition of the socialization process. What we have learned from the study of animal psychology, however, leads him to believe that everything cannot be explained by the search to reduce tension. We must therefore reach a theory of personality in which the attitude which an individual adopts towards a valued object is not dictated by the group nor by its sanction, but derives directly from the link that is established with the object he perceives to be a value.Finally, discussing the importance of this in its relation to criminology, he arrives at the three following conclusions : 1) the delinquent act cannot be looked upon as solely the breaking of a rule, but as the realization of a value — in this case the group, which is very demanding and requires submission. 2) Most of the time, delinquents show deficientattachment to values and that attachment is merely functional. 3) At the treatment level, in order to have delinquents adhere to true values, we must give them access to experiences that are significant and motivating.

scholarly journals Sustainability as “Value of Cooperatives”—Can (Wine) Cooperatives Use Sustainability as a Driver for a Brand Concept?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12344
Author(s):  
Barbara Richter ◽  
Jon H. Hanf
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Brand Management ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Differentiation Strategy ◽  
A Value ◽  
Brand Concept ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

Similar to the number of agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, the number of German wine cooperatives is decreasing. The main purpose of the wine cooperatives is to support the member businesses with the highest possible payouts for their grapes. Wine cooperatives can fulfil this purpose by implementing a differentiation strategy. On the one hand, brands can be used for differentiation. On the other hand, cooperatives can use particular values in the communication with customers that correspond to the target group’s values. Based on the definition of the International Co-operative Alliance, cooperatives are a sustainable form of enterprise. Therefore, the question arises whether it is possible to use sustainability as a value that corresponds to cooperatives as a form of enterprise as well as to a strong societal value that gains importance. Which role does social capital play in the context of social sustainability? The aim of this paper is to shed light on the understanding of brands, to show which cooperative-specific characteristics might pose a challenge to cooperatives in terms of brand management and to examine the understanding of the sustainability construct as well as sustainable management practices applied by wine cooperatives to date. Two exploratory, qualitative studies have been conducted.

scholarly journals XXV.—On the Influence of Weather upon Disease and Mortality

1863 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Scoresby-Jackson
Keyword(s):  
External Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

The subject to which I have to invite the attention of the Society this evening is one of no modern origin, the name of Hippocrates, amongst others of the fathers of medicine, being commonly associated with it. There is, indeed, perhaps no branch of medical inquiry whose history dips more deeply into the obscure pages of antiquity. The influence of weather upon disease and mortality has been acknowledged as a potent external force in every age, from that eminently speculative and credulous period when physicians professed to receive their diagnostic as well as their therapeutic inspirations from the stars, down to our own day. And yet there is perhaps no question in the whole cycle of medical sciences which has made slower progress than the one we have now to consider. People believe that the weather affects them. They speak of its influence, sometimes commendingly, more frequently with censure, on the most trivial occasions; but beyond a few commonplace ideas, the result of careless observation, or perhaps acquired only traditionally, they seldom seek a closer acquaintance with the subject. Our language teems with medico-meteorological apophthegms, but they are notoriously vague. The words which are most commonly employed to signify the state of the weather at any given time, possess a value relative only to the sensations of the individual uttering them. The general and convertible terms—bitter, raw, cold, severe, bleak, inclement, or fine and bracing, convey no definite idea of the condition of the weather; nay, it is quite possible that we may hear these several expressions used by different persons with reference to the weather of one and the same place and point of time. In order, then, to render medico-meteorological researches more trustworthy, we must be careful to employ, in the expression of facts, such symbols only as have a corresponding value in every nation.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Hodgkinson
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
High Status ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Status Goods ◽  
Royal City ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This final chapter addresses the individual research questions posed in the Introduction (Chapter 1), in the light of the data and discussion presented in Chapters 2–7. According to the range of settlement types defined by Troy (see Section 1.1), Amarna and Gurob may be regarded as cities, with a less specialized character and the presence of both a royal court and temples. While Amarna was not long-lived, it was specifically founded as a capital city with a large amount of urban planning. Gurob was certainly occupied for a long period, before and after the New Kingdom. Although Malqata can be defined as a royal city, it does not fulfil Troy’s definition of a city in that it was only very short-lived and served the sole purpose of a location for the festivities in honour of Amenhotep III, for which reason it should most likely be regarded a specialized settlement. In conclusion, it can be said that the presence of high-status goods and evidence of their manufacture enhances a settlement’s status. On the one hand, it proves that a strong demand existed for these types of objects, most of which were not for everyday use, and therefore implies the presence of either a consuming elite or royal court. On the other hand, should no royal court be present, it indicates at least the settlement’s dependence on the favours of royal personages acting as recipients of high-status goods. The presence of such personages would also enhance the settlement’s status. Hence, a developed infrastructure, together with a well-managed system of redistribution, as observed in all three case-studies discussed in this book, may very well be a factor determining a high-status settlement, such as a royal city. It can be stated that the analyses of the archaeological material from Amarna, Gurob, and Malqata have been successful in highlighting several areas of intensive industrial activity despite some issues regarding the nature of the data (see Section 1.4.3). In addition, it has been possible to further define the locations in which most of the finished products were found and, probably, used.

The Aims of Mathematical Education

1921 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
J. H. Minnick ◽  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
School Activities ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Objective Side ◽  
The Individual

Education is a complex process involving a variety of experiences gained through both school and out-of-school activities. Each subject of the curriculum should make its definite contribution to this experience, but we must be sure that the result is a unit. An investigation of conditions in most of our high schools will show that a child is under the instruction of perhaps four or five teachers, all of whom are working independently of each other. Very seldom docs one teacher know what the others are trying to do. In order to avoid such conditions and to insure a unified education for each individual, it is necessary that the aim of each subject shall be determined in the light of the general definition of education. Only by this means can the subject matter of each course be so selected and presented that there is neither useless overlapping on the one hand nor the omission of important elements on the other hand. Hence, in discussing the aim of mathematical education, we shonld consider the general meaning of education and then determine what contribution mathematics can make most effectively. For this purpose we shall accept Ruediger’s definition, namely, “… to educate a person means to adjust him to those elements of his environment that are of concern in modern life, and to develop, organize, and train his powers so that he may make efficient and proper use of them.”1 This definition consists of two parts. One of these is concerned with the adjustment of the individual to his environment; this is the objective side. The other is concerned with the development of the powers of the individual; this is the subjective side of education. However, one’s powers are developed only by contact with and adjustment to his environment, and he is adjusted to his environment only through his powers and abilities. Thus, a child’s power to think correctly is developed most effectively when he is brought face to face with a real situation the solution of which is vital to his welfare; but he can successfully master the situation only by the use of his reasoning power or such other abilities as may be involved. Hence, the two parts of this definition are not independent and we need not consider them separately; when one is satisfied in the most effective way the other will be. At present we shall confine our attention to the objective phase of education.

INCREASING LABOR EFFICIENCY OF THE PRODUCTION UNIT SPECIALISTS BY FORMING A TEAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1066
Author(s):  
M.I. Litvina ◽  
◽  
G.N. Nikolaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Team Building ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

At the end of the twentieth century, team management became widespread. Based on this approach, the key factor for successful activity is not so much finance and technology as effective teamwork. Achieving this effect is possible on the basis of the team building process, which can be represented as a human resource management process aimed at building a team and improving team efficiency to achieve the goals of the organization. This process is viewed from two main points: on the one hand, as a process of formation and further development of a team; and on the other hand, the ways to build interaction between people in a group to achieve the strategic goals of the unit and the organization as a whole. Creating an efficient and cohesive team takes time, during which the process of its formation and progressive development takes place. The article provides an overview of modern ideas about the team. The authors’ definition of a team is formulated, on the basis of which the advantages of the team are indicated, leading to an increase in the efficiency of its activities. The types of teams and approaches to team building have been studied. On the basis of a survey and testing, the authors carried out a study of the team building process and developed guidelines for forming a team from specialists from the production unit of the state unitary enterprise «Moskollektor». The study used a professional approach, taking into account the distribution of roles according to R.M. Belbin and in accordance with the sociotypes of K.G. Jung. Conclusions are made, the advantages of working in a team are formulated and possible ways of developing a team of a production unit are shown. The article emphasizes the need to apply an integrated approach to team formation, combining professional, role and approach according to the sociotype of the individual, in order to identify ways of its development.

The development of capability: the content of potential and the potential of content

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reva Brown ◽  
Sean McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
As If

All too often discussion of Capability proceeds as if it is clear what ‘Capability’ is: and that all that is required is the ascertaining of means for developing it. This paper seeks to explore the meanings of Capability. It provides two broad meanings, and discusses the paradoxes inherent in the application of these to the real world of management and business. On the one hand, Capability is defined as Potential, what the individual could achieve. Potential is an endowment, which is realised by the acquisition of skills and knowledge, i.e. the acquisition of Content. On the other hand, Capability is defined as Content: what the individual can (or has learned to) do. This Content has been acquired by, or input into, the individual, who then has the Potential to develop further. So there are different routes to Capability, depending on the definition of Capability one chooses. All of this impinges on the development of Capability. This leads us on to a consideration of whether the ‘Development of Capability’ is a meaningful concept.

scholarly journals "From the darkness to the light": Memoirs of Blind Canadian veterans of the First and Second World Wars

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-144
Author(s):  
Corinne Doria
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Narratives ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Autobiographical Accounts ◽  
Level I ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Blind Individuals ◽  
Second World ◽  
Social Level

This article is a study of the memoirs of three Canadian ex-servicemen who were blinded during the First and Second World Wars. It inquires autobiographical accounts as a source to understand disability both at an individual and a social level. I argue that autobiographies, as they reflect the individual experience of disability, also reveal concepts and prejudices concerning disability that are inherent to a society at a specific time. The authors hence can either challenge or confirm persistent ideas about disability. This paper is organized in three parts. In the first I present the autobiographies this study is based on, and summarize their main features. In the second I focus on the way blindness impacts individual’s identity. I shall argue that the loss of sight is experienced as life-changing event, a death-rebirth process that deeply affects the veterans as well as their entourage. Blindness enhance hence a process of re-definition of the self which encompasses, on the one hand, blind individuals’ perception of their own ‘exceptionality’ and, on the other, their desire for normality and social integration. In the last section I analyze how the three writers address Canadian society in order to challenge the existing ideas and prejudices about the blind. I argue that they deliberately choose to use autobiographical narratives as a device to point out and challenge common preconceptions about blindness.

Effective aperture of X-ray compound refractive lenses

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Integral Intensity ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Real ◽  
A Value ◽  
Effective Aperture ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Focusing Properties

A new definition of the effective aperture of the X-ray compound refractive lens (CRL) is proposed. Both linear (one-dimensional) and circular (two-dimensional) CRLs are considered. It is shown that for a strongly absorbing CRL the real aperture does not influence the focusing properties and the effective aperture is determined by absorption. However, there are three ways to determine the effective aperture in terms of transparent CRLs. In the papers by Kohn [(2002). JETP Lett. 76, 600–603; (2003). J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 97, 204–215; (2009). J. Surface Investig. 3, 358–364; (2012). J. Synchrotron Rad. 19, 84–92; Kohn et al. (2003). Opt. Commun. 216, 247–260; (2003). J. Phys. IV Fr, 104, 217–220], the FWHM of the X-ray beam intensity just behind the CRL was used. In the papers by Lengeler et al. [(1999). J. Synchrotron Rad. 6, 1153–1167; (1998). J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5855–5861], the maximum intensity value at the focus was used. Numerically, these two definitions differ by 50%. The new definition is based on the integral intensity of the beam behind the CRL over the real aperture. The integral intensity is the most physical value and is independent of distance. The new definition gives a value that is greater than that of the Kohn definition by 6% and less than that of the Lengeler definition by 41%. A new approximation for the aperture function of a two-dimensional CRL is proposed which allows one to calculate the two-dimensional CRL through the one-dimensional CRL and to obtain an analytical solution for a complex system of many CRLs.

Education Quality: Paradoxes, Mistakes, Concepts

10.12737/7811 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Басовская ◽  
Elena Basovskaya ◽  
Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
A Value ◽  
Salary Increase ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Management ◽  
Is Value

Education is the individual private benefit possessing positive outer effects. Definition of education as public benefit is paradox. A consumer of education as benefit is the household which member gets the education. Statements that employers are the consumers of this benefit are wrong. These paradoxes and mistakes generate inadequacy of the policy in education area. Quality — this is a value of education for the specific consumer, education’s social value is measured by its price in the competitive market. Current situation when the category «education quality» has no standard definition is paradoxical. Education allocates the consumer with the human capital which is value for him. This human capital provides an additional income in the form of raised salary. Salary increase can serve as a simple assessment of education quality. Such education quality assessment is used by business schools of leading universities. A set of statements about influence of these or those factors on education quality is paradox. All these statements are only unconfirmed hypotheses, many of them, most likely, are wrong. Education quality management is based on unconfirmed, often wrong hypotheses. Competitive quality management of services defines that in education it is necessary to refuse from principles of command and control management style, and to move over to the principle based on a concept that the center has to coordinate the relations, and to control as little as possible, but as much as possible create a context which will promote activity coordination. It is necessary to focus systems on the consumer and pedagogical personnel, achieving its satisfaction.

Materialistic Psychiatry [Materialistische Psychiatrie]. (Monats. f. Psych. und Neur., Bd. ix, H. 1, 1901.) Juliusburger, Otto

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (200) ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
W. H. B. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Animal Psychology ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Dr. Weygandt, in an article entitled “Psychology and Cerebral Anatomy in Special Relation to Modern Phrenology,” which appeared in Die Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, made the statement that the only true basis for the study of psychiatry is the acceptance of the doctrine of psycho-physical parallelism, and quotes Wundt's definition of this parallelism in support. Dr. Juliusburger feels it his duty to pen a somewhat indignant and scornful reply, and points out, in the first place, that whereas in 1863 Wundt, in his lectures, treated human and animal psychology from a monistic point of view, it is only in later years (1892) that he took up his dualistic standpoint of a psycho-physical parallelism, according to which, although with every psychical act there is a co-existent physical phenomenon, nevertheless these two manifestations are entirely independent of each other and have no causal relationship. Dr. Weygandt agrees with Ebbinghaus that mind and brain are not separable entities—the one a product of the other—but they are an actual combination, varying only according to the point of view from which we regard their manifestations; when viewed from within, these phenomena are psychical, when from without, physical.

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