scholarly journals Two approaches to reversing language shift and the Soviet publication program for indigenous minorities

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Vakhtin
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Publication Program ◽  
Publishing Policy ◽  
Indigenous Minorities

AbstractThe present paper discusses the interplay between the Soviet state policy towards indigenous languages of "Northern Minorities" and the attitudes of the indigenous communities to their languages and to language endangerment. The author uses statistics on the Soviet state program of publishing books (primarily school books) in indigenous languages that was launched in the late 1920s and underwent considerable changes in the course of the decades to follow. It is argued that the publishing policy for all languages of indigenous minorities of the Far North followed the same consistent pattern that included several phases: "a glorious beginning" in the 1930s interrupted by the war, then a strong continuation in the 1950s, then a drop in the 1960-70s, and a resurrection in the 1980s, interrupted by the economic crisis of the early 1990s. The most interesting and the least clear period is the two and a half decades between mid-1950s and late 1970s where changes of the state policy may be connected with changes in community attitudes towards their native languages. A successful policy of language preservation and revitalization is possible only if it is supported simultaneously by the state and the indigenous community.

scholarly journals Globalization as a Factor for Language Endangerment: Nigerian Indigenous Languages in Focus

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 521-527
Author(s):  
Sale Maikanti ◽  
Austin Chukwu ◽  
Moses Gideon Odibah ◽  
Moses Valentina Ogu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
English Language ◽  
World View ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Global Language ◽  
Major Factors

Globalization can be viewed from economic, cultural and socio-political perspectives including information and communication technology (ICT). In view of this, it is seen as the increasing empowerment of western cultural values including language, philosophy and world view. In many African countries Nigeria inclusive, English language which is the language of colonization is gradually becoming a global language due to its influence and subsequent adoption as the official language by many African nations which are largely multi-cultural and multilingual under the British colony. This trend has not only relegated the status of Nigerian Indigenous languages to the background but has also threatened their existence in Nigeria which accommodates over 500 native languages. If this trend is left unchecked, the ill-wind of globalization will gradually sweep the native languages including the so-called major ones (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) out of existence particularly in Nigeria. This paper discusses globalization as one of the major factors for language endangerment with respect to Nigeria as a nation, with a view to proffering possible solutions capable of sustaining and empowering the nation’s socio-cultural and economic stability.

Towards education in children’s languages in Jharkhand, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-232
Author(s):  
Binay Pattanayak
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
State Government ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Regional Languages

Abstract Jharkhand, India, is home to around 20 indigenous languages. People from around 33 indigenous communities use these languages. Around 2010, the state used to experience children’s highest dropout from primary schools in the nation. In the education system there was no clarity about how to address this persistent issue. In 2011, the author set up a research cell titled M-TALL (Mother-Tongue-based Active Language Learning) akhra in the state. The center undertook a socio-linguistic survey which revealed that around 96% children in the state did not speak in Hindi. They communicated in their local indigenous languages at home, playground and market. The study also found out that children failed to understand their teacher and textbooks written in Hindi. Initially the duty bearers did not pay any attention to the findings. The M-TALL akhra researchers continued their exploration and collected a lot of learning resources from each community. They developed bilingual picture dictionaries in 9 indigenous and regional languages for use in children’s early grades. Then M-TALL akhra developed a pre-school education package. In 2016, the state government with help of M-TALL akhra developed culturally sensitive new textbooks in 5 indigenous and 2 regional languages. Using these, the state initiated a mother-tongue-based multilingual education programme in around 1000 schools.

scholarly journals WHERE SHOULD WE LEARN OUR NATIVE LANGUAGE? FOUR CASES OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Ана Кондич
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Хотя усвоение языка в раннем детстве в семье является важнейшим условием сохранения языка, многие автохтонные языки мира сегодня уже перестали передаваться внутри семьи. Многие родители считают, что их этнический язык для детей бесполезен, и предпочитают воспитывать детей на официальном языке страны. В статье я сравню ситуации четырех автохтонных языков Латинской Америки, с которыми я работаю: юго-восточный хуастекский (майя, Мексика), цоциль де Сан Исидро де ля Либертад (майя, Мексика), виличе/цесунгун (мапудунган, Чили) и михе (михе-зокеанский, Мексика). Эти миноритарные языки находятся в разных регионах и в разных социальных контекстах. В некоторых сообществах естественная передача языка от родителей детям уже давно прервана, а в других, напротив, внутрисемейная передача языка поддерживается. Из этих четырех языков под серьезной угрозой исчезновения находятся, прежде всего, виличе/цесунгун (мапудунган, Чили) и юго-восточный хуастекский (майя, Мексика), поскольку родители перестали передавать эти языки новым поколениям, лишая таким образом собственных детей их языкового наследства. Первым языком детей в этих двух сообществах является испанский. С другой стороны, ситуация с цоцилем де Сан Исидро де ля Либертад (майя, Мексика) и михе (михе-зокеанский, Мексика) гораздо лучше, так как подавляющее большинство детей в этих сообществах говорят на своем этническом языке и усваивают испанский только в начальной школе. Можно добавить, что в Сан Исидро де ля Либертад, как и в некоторых удаленных деревнях михе, в начальной школе преподавание ведется на их этническом языке. This research was presented at the colloquium “The fate of linguistic heritage: transmitted to the younger generations or lost?” held at the RAS Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2021. My presentation was a short overview of the language acquisition patterns within four indigenous communities in Latin America, speakers of the following indigenous languages: South Eastern Huastec (Mayan, Mexico), Tsotsil of San Isidro de la Libertad (Mayan, Mexico), Huilliche/Tsesungun (Mapudungan, Chile) and Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico). I carried out extensive fieldwork and research with these communities (more details can be found in Kondic 2021, Kondic 2021 (forthcoming), Kondic 2015b, Kondic 2014a, Kondic 2014b, Kondic 2011b, Kondic 2010). At the moment my research concentrates on the sociolinguistic situation with the language Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico), namely, on their language attitudes. During each of these four projects I produced learning materials to facilitate language teaching and revitalization (Kondic 2009b, Kodic 2016, Kondic 2015a, Kondic 2013b, Kondic 2015c, Kondic 2018b). The materials I produced and left in the communities are now being used for language teaching and maintenance. In this article I am going to present my insight into the patterns of native language learning within the above four communities. Many of Mexican indigenous languages are at present in decline and falling into disuse. Language endangerment often causes interruption in the process of language transmission, and it will be interesting to see what the situation is like within these different languages of Latin America that I had an opportunity to work with.

scholarly journals Languages in Danger: How Can Linguistic Diversity Be Preserved and Promoted in Nepal?

2020 ◽  
pp. 503-511
Author(s):  
Min Pun ◽  
Kamal Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
The Government

This paper focuses on the decline and death of indigenous languages with special reference to sampled languages used by indigenous communities in Kaski district, arguing that the indigenous language communities should be supported by the government for giving official status to their native languages, focused on formulation and implementation of education policies, and encouraged to insist on speaking their native languages. Together, the indigenous language communities need to collaborate with the government to curb all the issues related to preserving and promoting linguistic diversity in Nepal. Based on the findings and discussion of the study, the following recommendations have been made to preserve and promote linguistic diversity in Nepal: 1) The findings of the study concluded that documentation is one of the most important ways to preserve and promote indigenous languages; 2) The findings of this study concluded that both formal and informal languages classes can be effective to cover all types of age group indigenous language speakers; 3) It is recommended that language teachers should be provided with appropriate trainings to be good indigenous language teachers; 4) It is recommended that indigenous language groups should put pressure on the government for policy development and political advocacy for the preservation of indigenous languages; 5) The study suggested that indigenous language groups should be given language awareness programs occasionally in order to motivate them to use their native languages and then to preserve the linguistic diversity in Nepal; and 6) The study suggested that indigenous language communities need to get help of language researchers to address the issues related to indigenous language revitalization strategies.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE AGRARIAN PROGRAMME IN THE USSR OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920s AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 1930s

2014 ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
T. A. Melnikova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
Peasant Community

The article presents the review of realization of the state agrarian programme of the Soviet state in the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. The change of labour relationship in agriculture,the period of the new economic policy have been analyzed in detail. The process of agrarian reforms in the country aimed at transformation of peasant community into a part of a state system as well as state policy concerning villages have been considered.

The Efficiency of Russia's Foreign Financial Assets Realization

2004 ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
B. Kheifets
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Foreign Countries

Russia's financial requirements in respect to foreign countries have considerably lowered during recent years without noticeable return for the country's budget. Different assessments of the value of foreign financial assets are considered in the article and main reasons that have led to their lowering are revealed. The state policy in the field is critically analyzed, alternative variants of increasing the effectiveness of foreign financial assets realization are offered.

Islamic and Jewish Religious Feminists Tackle Islamic and Jewish Oral Law: Maintenance and Rebellion of Wives

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Ruth Roded
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Parallel Case ◽  
First Time

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT OF THE STATE POLICY FUNDAMENTALS IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
A.L. Rybas ◽  
◽  
N.A. Makhutov ◽  
M.M. Gadenin ◽  
A.S. Pecherkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Scientific Support
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