scholarly journals Long-term macrolide antibiotics in asthma therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-258
Author(s):  
Daisuke Takekoshi ◽  
Patrick Belvitch ◽  
Israel Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature

Macrolide antibiotics drew worldwide attention when their use was dramatically successful in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1980s. The success was attributed to their immunomodulatory effects, rather than their antimicrobial properties. Since then, studies have shown that macrolides exert their immunomodulatory effects through several mechanisms, including suppression of proinflammatory cytokines, promoting apoptosis of inflammatory cells, improving phagocytic function, ameliorating airway hypersecretion, and inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species. Macrolides have also been studied in the treatment of asthma. This review highlights the role of macrolides in the treatment of asthma, presenting an overview of the main clinical trials. Despite favourable preclinical data and reports of anecdotal successes, the results of clinical trials are conflicting. This may be due to the heterogeneous nature of asthma. Further studies are needed to identify particular subgroup of asthma that will respond to macrolides.

scholarly journals Long-term macrolide antibiotics in asthma therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Daisuke Takekoshi ◽  
Patrick Belvitch ◽  
Israel Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature

Macrolide antibiotics drew worldwide attention when their use was dramatically successful in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1980s. The success was attributed to their immunomodulatory effects, rather than their antimicrobial properties. Since then, studies have shown that macrolides exert their immunomodulatory effects through several mechanisms, including suppression of proinflammatory cytokines, promoting apoptosis of inflammatory cells, improving phagocytic function, ameliorating airway hypersecretion, and inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species. Macrolides have also been studied in the treatment of asthma. This review highlights the role of macrolides in the treatment of asthma, presenting an overview of the main clinical trials. Despite favourable preclinical data and reports of anecdotal successes, the results of clinical trials are conflicting. This may be due to the heterogeneous nature of asthma. Further studies are needed to identify particular subgroup of asthma that will respond to macrolides.

scholarly journals The Role of Macrolides in Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna de Campos Guimarães e Figueiredo ◽  
Cássio da Cunha Ibiapina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis ◽  
Sputum Volume ◽  
Inflammatory Action ◽  
Key Words Macrolides ◽  
The Ideal

Objective. The present study aims at reviewing the main publications on the use of macrolides as immunomodulators in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.Source of Data. The Medline database was our source of data for this research carried out until June 2011, using the key words: macrolides and bronchiectasis, while searching for original articles and reviews.Summary of Data. Seven clinical studies that evaluated the action of the macrolides in patients with bronchiectasis were found. There was the sputum volume, reduction in pulmonary exacerbation frequency, and in the use of antimicrobial treatment, in addition to pulmonary function improvement.Conclusions. Anti-inflammatory action and immunomodulatory effects can be attributed to macrolides when administered in low doses and on the long term. This use has been well established both in diffuse panbronchiolitis and in cystic fibrosis. Evidence indicates possible benefits in bronchiectasis. Future studies are needed, though, to establish the ideal dose and treatment duration and to understand the implications in the generation of microbial resistance.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant Role of Soy and Soy Foods in Human Health

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Gianluca Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Soy Foods ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Final Synthesis

Oxidative stress seems to play a role in many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and some cancers. Research is always looking for effective approaches in the prevention and treatment of these pathologies with safe strategies. Given the central role of nutrition, the identification of beneficial healthy foods can be the best key to having a safe and at the same time effective approach. Soy has always aroused great scientific interest but often this attention is galvanized by the interaction with estrogen receptors and related consequences on health. However, soy, soy foods, and soy bioactive substances seem to have antioxidant properties, suggesting their role in quenching reactive oxygen species, although it was frequently mentioned but not studied in depth. The purpose of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence of the antioxidant properties of soy by identifying the human clinical trials available in the literature. A total of 58 manuscripts were individuated through the literature search for the final synthesis. Soy bioactive substances involved in redox processes appear to be multiple and their use seems promising. Other larger clinical trials with adequate standardization and adequate choice of biomarkers will fill the gap currently existing on the suggestive role of soy in antioxidant mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ga Lee ◽  
Sung Han
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reactive Nitrogen Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Immunological Diseases ◽  
Modulate Signal ◽  
Immunological Changes

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane from oxidation, regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and modulate signal transduction. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E have been observed in animal and human models under normal and disease conditions. With advances in understating of the development, function, and regulation of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells, recent studies have focused on vitamin E’s effects on specific immune cells. This review will summarize the immunological changes observed with vitamin E intervention in animals and humans, and then describe the cell-specific effects of vitamin E in order to understand the mechanisms of immunomodulation and implications of vitamin E for immunological diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Simulation Modeling in Planning Long-Term Clinical Trials in Type 2 Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. A587-A588
Author(s):  
V. Foos ◽  
D. Grant ◽  
J.L. Palmer ◽  
M. Lamotte ◽  
P. McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Simulation Modeling

scholarly journals Immune Responses Following Locoregional Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Possible Roles of Adjuvant Immunotherapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387
Author(s):  
Ji-Won Han ◽  
Seung-Kew Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Locoregional Treatment ◽  
Adjuvant Immunotherapy ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Cell Responses

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unlike other types of cancer, HCC can be treated with locoregional treatments (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, recurrences following LRTs are common, and strategies to improve long-term outcomes need to be developed. The exhaustion of anti-tumor immunity in HCC has been well established in many reports and the immunomodulatory effects of LRTs (enhancement of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses after RFA, reduction of effector regulatory T cells after TACE) have also been reported in several previous studies. However, a comprehensive review of previous studies and the possible roles of immunotherapy following LRTs in HCC are not known. In this review, we discuss the immunological evidence of current clinical trials using LRTs and combined immunotherapies, and the possible role of this strategy.

The Therapeutic Impact of New Migraine Discoveries

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (34) ◽  
pp. 6261-6281 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Vécsei ◽  
Melinda Lukács ◽  
János Tajti ◽  
Ferenc Fülöp ◽  
József Toldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Migraine Treatment ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Trigeminovascular System ◽  
Glutamate Receptor Antagonists

Background: Migraine is one of the most disabling neurological conditions and associated with high socio-economic costs. Though certain aspects of the pathomechanism of migraine are still incompletely understood, the leading hypothesis implicates the role of the activation of the trigeminovascular system. Triptans are considered to be the current gold standard therapy for migraine attacks; however, their use in clinical practice is limited. Prophylactic treatment includes non-specific approaches for migraine prevention. All these support the need for future studies in order to develop innovative anti-migraine drugs. Objective: The present study is a review of the current literature regarding new therapeutic lines in migraine research. Methods: A systematic literature search in the database of PUBMED was conducted concerning therapeutic strategies in a migraine published until July 2017. Results: Ongoing clinical trials with 5-HT1F receptor agonists and glutamate receptor antagonists offer promising new aspects for acute migraine treatment. Monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and the CGRP receptor are revolutionary in preventive treatment; however, further long-term studies are needed to test their tolerability. Preclinical studies show positive results with PACAP- and kynurenic acid-related treatments. Other promising therapeutic strategies (such as those targeting TRPV1, substance P, NOS, or orexin) have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Conclusion: Due to their side-effects, current therapeutic approaches are not suitable for all migraine patients. Especially frequent episodic and chronic migraine represents a therapeutic challenge for researchers. Clinical and preclinical studies are needed to untangle the pathophysiology of migraine in order to develop new and migraine-specific therapies.

scholarly journals FructationIn Vivo: Detrimental and Protective Effects of Fructose

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Semchyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Animal Tissues

There is compelling evidence that long-term intake of excessive fructose can have deleterious side effects in different experimental models. However, the role of fructosein vivoremains controversial, since acute temporary application of fructose is found to protect yeast as well as animal tissues against exogenous oxidative stress. This review suggests the involvement of reactive carbonyl and oxygen species in both the cytotoxic and defensive effects of fructose. Potential mechanisms of the generation of reactive species by fructose in the nonenzymatic reactions, their implication in the detrimental and protective effects of fructose are discussed.

scholarly journals Regulatory Framework for Conducting Clinical Research in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josmar K. Alas ◽  
Glenys Godlovitch ◽  
Connie M. Mohan ◽  
Shelly A. Jelinski ◽  
Aneal A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Clinical Trial Research ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Drug Regulations

AbstractResearch in human subjects is at the core of achieving improvements in health outcomes. For clinical trials, in addition to the peer review of the results before publication, it is equally important to consider whether the trial will be conducted in a manner that generates data of the highest quality and provides a measure of safety for the participating subjects. In Canada, there is no definitive legislation that governs the conduct of research involving human subjects, but a network of regulations at different levels does provide a framework for both principal investigators and sponsors. In this paper, we provide an overview of the federal, provincial and institutional legislation, guidelines and policies that will inform readers about the requirements for clinical trial research. This includes a review of the role of the Food and Drug Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act and the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2), an overview of provincial legislation across the country, and a focus on selected policies from institutional research ethics boards and public health agencies. Many researchers may find navigation through regulations frustrating, and there is a paucity of information that explains the interrelationship between the different regulatory agencies in Canada. Better understanding the process, we feel, will facilitate investigators interested in clinical trials and also enhance the long-term health of Canadians.

scholarly journals Regenerative Role of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Kidney Injury

Nephron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 144 (12) ◽  
pp. 638-643
Author(s):  
Davide Medica ◽  
Sergio Dellepiane ◽  
Vincenzo Cantaluppi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Short And Long Term

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of hospital admission and worsens short- and long-term patients’ prognosis. Currently, AKI treatment remains supportive and no therapy has proven significant benefit in clinical trials. Stem cells (SCs) are a promising therapeutic option, but their translation to the clinical setting is limited by the risk of rejection or aberrant differentiation. Numerous studies have shown how SC effects are mediated by paracrine factors such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this review, we describe the preclinical evidence about EV efficacy in acute tubular and glomerular injury and the recently generated clinical data.

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