scholarly journals Cost of care of chronic non-communicable diseases in Jamaican patients: the role of obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Christine M. Fray-Aiken ◽  
Rainford J. Wilks ◽  
Abdullahi O. Abdulkadri ◽  
Affette M. McCaw-Binns
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic cost of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) and the portion attributable to obesity among patients in Jamaica.METHODS: The cost-of-illness approach was used to estimate the cost of care in a hospital setting in Jamaica for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, breast cancer, colon cancer, osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol. Cost and service utilization data were collected from the hospital records of all patients with these diseases who visited the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during 2006. Patients were included in the study if they were between15 and 74 years of age and if female, were not pregnant during that year. Costs were categorized as direct or indirect. Direct costs included costs for prescription drugs, consultation visits (emergency and clinic visits), hospitalizations, allied health services, diagnostic and treatment procedures. Indirect costs included costs attributed to premature mortality, disability (permanent and temporary), and absenteeism. Indirect costs were discounted at 3% rate.RESULTS: The sample consisted of 554 patients (40%) males (60%) females. The economic burden of the nine diseases was estimated at US$ 5,672,618 (males 37%; females 63%) and the portion attributable to obesity amounted to US$ 1,157,173 (males 23%; females 77%). Total direct cost was estimated at US$ 3,740,377 with female patients accounting for 69.9% of this cost. Total indirect cost was estimated at US$ 1,932,241 with female patients accounting for 50.6% of this cost. The greater cost among women was not found to be statistically significant. Overall, on a per capita basis, males and females accrued similar costs-of-illness (US$ 9,451.75 vs. US$ 10,758.18).CONCLUSIONS: In a country with per capita GDP of less than US$ 5,300, a per capita annual cost of illness of US$ 10,239 for CNCDs is excessive and has detrimental implications for the health and development of Jamaica.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

scholarly journals The Social Cost of Major Depression. A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Coretti ◽  
Filippo Rumi ◽  
Americo Cicchetti
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden Of Disease ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

Major depression (MD) is a major cause of disability and a significant public health problem due to strong physical and mental impairment, possible complications for patients (including suicides), serious social and working problems to the patient and his/her family. We provide an overview of the social cost of Major depression worldwide. We conducted a systematic literature review. Two search engines were queried. Screening of records and summary of evidence was performed by two researchers blindly. The review was conducted in accordance with the standards of the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Despite the heterogeneity in terms of population, setting and estimation techniques, the studies showed that the largest share of the burden of disease is represented by indirect costs. Among direct healthcare costs, inpatient care represents the most significant item, followed by outpatient care. The average total direct cost of depression ranges between €508 and €24 069, depending on the jurisdiction where the analysis was run and the range of cost items included. Indirect costs range between €1963 and €27 364. Evidence on the cost of MD in some countries is currently lacking. A deeper understanding of the drivers of the economic burden of disease is a crucial starting point for studies concerned with the cost-effectiveness of new treatment strategies.

Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Sandhu ◽  
Kathikeyan G ◽  
Ann Bolger ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
Dhruv S Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

Abstract WP382: The Cost of Ischemic Stroke: The Superiority of Marginal over Total Cost Estimation and Its Impact on National Cost Estimates

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie N Simpson ◽  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Abby S Kazley ◽  
Heather S Bonilha ◽  
James S Zoller
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Cost

Introduction Cost of illness for ischemic stroke has historically been reported as mean cost per case over a time period. Such cost include expenditures made for comorbid conditions, and may result in an over-estimation of the economic burden of stroke on the nation. Without accurate estimates, policymakers cannot plan appropriately for the ageing US population. Hypothesis The 1-year marginal cost of stroke is less than the 1-year total cost of stroke for South Carolina (SC) Medicare beneficiaries. Methods A cost of illness analysis was performed from the Medicare perspective. SC Medicare billing files for 2004 and 2005 were used to estimate the mean 12 month cost of stroke for 2,976 Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for ischemic Stroke in 2004. Using nearest neighbor propensity score matching, a control group of 5,952 non-stroke beneficiaries were matched on age, race, gender and comorbid conditions. Results The total cost estimated for stroke patients for 1 year was $81.3 million. The cost for the matched comparison group without stroke, but with similar age, gender, race and comorbid conditions was significantly less at $54.4 million (p<0.0001). Thus, the 2004 marginal costs to Medicare due to ischemic stroke in SC are estimated to be $26.9 million. If this difference is inflated to 2012 dollars and projected to estimate the 2012 one year burden of ischemic stroke nationally, total annual stroke costs would be overestimated by $4.89 billion. Conclusions Accurate estimates of cost of care for conditions, such as stroke, that are common in older patients with a high rate of comorbid conditions require the use of a marginal costing approach. Overestimation of cost of care for stroke may lead to erroneous funding allocation and prediction of larger savings than realizable from stroke treatment and prevention programs. Given the trend of policies based on cost savings, overestimation poses a danger of limiting services that patients may receive. Thus, it is important to use marginal costing for stroke program estimates, especially with the increasing public focus on evidence-based economic decision making to be expected with health reform.

ANALISA COST OF ILLNESS AKIBAT PENGGUNAAN NSAIDS DI SEBUAH APOTEK DI KOTA MEDAN, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Hari Ronaldo Tanjung ◽  
Azmi Sarriff ◽  
Urip Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Undesirable Event ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Drug Therapy Problems ◽  
Pharmacy Setting

Background: A drug therapy problem is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that interferes with achieving the desired goals of therapy. Drug Therapy Problems (DTPs) can lead to ineffective pharmacotherapy and may cause drug-related morbidity and mortality.Objective: The study aimed to estimates the direct medical cost of illness caused by the drug morbidity or mortality related to NSAID utilization in a community pharmacy setting at Medan, Indonesia.Method: Thisstudy used 7 (seven) categories probabilities and costs associated with the therapeutic outcomes to estimate the direct medical cost of illness resulting from morbidity related NSAIDs utilization. Direct non medical costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs related to drug-related-morbidity and mortality were not valued in this cost-of-illness analysis.The duration of the study was from July 2009 to October 2010.Result: The patient that experienced NSAIDs-related morbidity estimated to spend Rp.467.848,- each and Rp.11.696.200,- in total to managing the morbidity. Every Rp.1,- spent on NSAIDs therapy, an additional Rp.1,45,- was estimated to spent in managing morbidity related NSAIDs utilization.Conclusion: This result showed the cost of illnessrelated morbidity of NSAIDs utilization exceeds the cost of the medications themselves

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Costs of Caring for Patients with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

Aquichan ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Astrid Nathalia Páez Esteban ◽  
Claudia Consuelo Torres Contreras ◽  
María Stella Campos de Aldana ◽  
Sonia Solano Aguilar ◽  
Nubia Quintero Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Household Finances ◽  
Health Institutions

Objective: To determine direct and indirect non-medical costs derived from caring for patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in three health institutions located in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 77 patients with NCDs and their family caregivers, who were selected through systematic sampling between 2018 and 2019. Results: Most people with NCDs are women (55 %) at an average age of 70. Four out of five caregivers are women, at an average age of 40, who deliver care for an average of 14 hours a day. The total monthly cost for patient care was on average 324,207 COP. The most significant costs are related to health, food, housing, transport, and communication. 60.5 % of NCDs patients were responsible for household finances before becoming ill. About half of them stopped working and the other half experienced a reduction of 33 % in their monthly income after becoming ill. Conclusion: due to the need for complementary and comprehensive treatment, care, and interventions, costs related to care of NCDs patients increase despite the income of NCDs patients and their caregivers do not.

scholarly journals Clinical Validation of Integrated Point-of-Care Devices for the Management of Non-Communicable Diseases

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
K. V. Giriraja ◽  
Suman Govindaraj ◽  
H. P. Chandrakumar ◽  
Basanth Ramesh ◽  
Licy Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Individual Point ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Care Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Integrated Device

Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death and disability across India, including in the poorest states. Effective disease management, particularly for cardiovascular diseases, requires the tracking of several biochemical and physiological parameters over an extended period of time. Currently, patients must go to diagnostic laboratories and doctors’ clinics or invest in individual point-of-care devices for measuring the required parameters. The cost and inconvenience of current options lead to inconsistent monitoring, which contribute to suboptimal outcomes. Furthermore, managing multiple individual point-of-devices is challenging and helps track some parameters to the exclusion of others. To address these issues, HealthCubed, a primary care technology company, has designed integrated devices that measure blood glucose, hemoglobin, cholesterol, uric acid, blood pressure, capillary oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Here we report data from clinical studies undertaken in healthy subjects establishing the validity of an integrated device for monitoring multiple parameters.

The economic cost of schizophrenia in Ireland: a cost of illness study

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caragh Behan ◽  
Brendan Kennelly ◽  
Eadbhard O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Informal Care ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness Study

AbstractObjectives: Although there are many published reports about the human cost of schizophrenia, there are far fewer estimates of its economic cost, particularly in Ireland. The aim of this study was to provide a prevalence-based estimate of the costs associated with schizophrenia in Ireland during 2006.Method: Using standard Cost of Illness (COI) procedures we compiled data from many sources including the Health Research Board, the Department of Health and Children and other government publications. Costs relating to health and social care, informal care, lost productivity, premature mortality and other public expenditures were included. Where national data were unavailable, we used bottom-up data from a geographically defined catchment area study and, in some instances, costs from two catchment areas were averaged. We did not measure human or intangible costs.Results: The estimated total cost of schizophrenia was €460.6 million in 2006. The direct cost of care was €117.5 million and the burden of indirect costs was €343 million. The cost of lost productivity due to unemployment, absence from work and premature mortality was €277 million. Within indirect costs, the expenditure on informal care borne by families was €43.8 million.Conclusions: Schizophrenia is not a very common condition but is an expensive one. This is attributable to its young age at onset, relatively low mortality rate and high severity particularly in terms of its impact on future employment. Measures to improve outcomes coupled with measures to improve employment such as supported employment strategies may impact significantly on the cost of schizophrenia. The study is limited because the national unit costs of many variables are not directly available and these Irish data are likely to be an underestimate. However, the results are comparable with a 2005 cost of illness study UK study.

scholarly journals A qualitative exploratory study of selected physicians’ perceptions of the management of non-communicable diseases at a referral hospital in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Cheza ◽  
Boikhutso Tlou
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Public Health Burden

Abstract Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have recently become a global public health burden and a leading cause of premature death, mainly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of the study was to explore physicians’ perceptions on the availability and quality of clinical care for the management of NCDs. Methods This was a qualitative exploratory study meant to obtain expert perceptions on clinical care delivery for NCDs in one Zimbabwean central hospital setting. Data was collected from participants who consented and was analyzed using Stata version 13. A four-point Likert scale was used to categorize different levels of perceived satisfaction. Findings Twenty-three doctors participated in the study: four female doctors and nineteen males. Nineteen of the doctors were general practitioners, whilst four were specialists. The findings indicated that both categories perceived some shortfalls in clinical care for NCDs. Moreover, the perceptions of general practitioners and specialists were not significantly different. Participants perceived cancer care to be lagging far behind the other three NCDs under study. Care of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes showed mixed perceptions amongst participants, with positive perceptions almost equaling negative perceptions. Furthermore, hypertension was perceived to be clinically cared for better than the other NCDs under consideration. Reasons for the gaps in NCD clinical care were attributed by 33% of the participants to financial challenges; a further 27% to patient behavioral challenges; and 21% to communication challenges. Conclusions The article concludes that care delivery for the selected NCDs under study at CCH need to be improved. Furthermore, it is crucial to diagnose NCDs before patients show clinical symptoms. This helps disease prognosis to yield better care results. The evaluation of doctors’ perceptions indicates the need to improve NCD care at the institution in order to control NCD co-morbidities that may increase mortality.

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