scholarly journals The error rates in multiple FSK systems and the signal-to-noise characteristics of FM and PCM-FS systems.

1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Akima
Keyword(s):  
Error Rates ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics

Estimates of Na+–K+ pumping in intact canine iliac arteries

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Rangachari
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Ouabain Binding ◽  
Iliac Arteries ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Maximal Binding ◽  
External K

Estimates of Na+ pumping capacity were made using Na+-loaded canine iliac arteries. Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 204Tl or 86Rb was used to measure near-maximal pump rates and [3H]ouabain binding to measure the number of pump sites. Compared with Rb+, Tl+ had the higher affinity for the pump and showed better signal-to-noise characteristics. Maximal uptakes were 0.545 μmol∙g−1∙min−1 for Rb+ and 0.40 μmol∙g−1∙min−1 for Tl+ Specific ouabain binding (Kd: 28.62 ± 0.58 nM) was inhibited by external K+, Tl+, and Rb+ and a maximal binding of 51.6 pmol/g wet weight translated into 3.2 × 1013 sites per gram wet weight. Using these values, the maximal values of K+ transported per pump site per minute lie between 7752 and 10562. If each activation of the pump moves 2K+, the turnover rates could lie between 3876 and 5281 per minute.

An Experimental Study of Lithium Furnace Emission

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Matousek ◽  
L. E. Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Absorption Signal ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Low Levels

Atomic emission of lithium in a small graphite furnace (CRA 63) was observed using a standard atomic absorption spectrometer with simple optical modifications. Improved diagnostic techniques facilitated a study of lithium atomic emission and atomic absorption signal profiles as a function of temperature. Low levels of lithium were measured relatively free from background emission with considerably improved signal-to-noise characteristics. Analytical growth curves plotted in logarithmic coordinates showed only a slight deviation from linearity over a concentration range of three orders.

An evaluation of in vivo voltage-sensitive dyes: pharmacological side effects and signal-to-noise ratios after effective removal of brain-pulsation artifacts

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2931-2945 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Grandy ◽  
S. A. Greenfield ◽  
I. M. Devonshire
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Bpa Removal ◽  
Voltage Sensitive Dyes ◽  
Pulsation Artifacts

In the current study, we investigated pharmacological side effects and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of two commonly used voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs): the blue dye RH-1691 (1 mg/ml) and the red dye di-4-ANEPPS (0.1 mg/ml), applied in vivo to the rat barrel cortex. Blue dyes are often favored over red dyes in in vivo studies due to their apparent superior SNR, partly because their fluorescence spectrum is farther away from the hemoglobin absorption spectrum, making them less prone to heartbeat-associated brain-pulsation artifacts (BPA). We implemented a previously reported template-based BPA removal algorithm and evaluated its applicability to di-4-ANEPPS before comparing characteristics of the two dyes. Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) were also recorded. Whereas SEPs recorded before and after application of di-4-ANEPPS failed to exhibit demonstrable differences, RH-1691 caused a significant and prolonged increase in SEP amplitude for several hours. In contrast, neither dye influenced the spontaneous cortical activity as assessed by the spectral content of the EEG. Both dyes turned out to be strikingly similar with respect to changes in fractional fluorescence as a function of SEP response amplitude, as well as regarding shot noise characteristics after removal of the BPA. Thus there is strong evidence that the increased SNR for RH-1691 is a consequence of an artificially increased signal. When applying an appropriate BPA removal algorithm, di-4-ANEPPS has proven to be suitable for single-trial in vivo VSD imaging (VSDI) and produces no detectable neurophysiological changes in the system under investigation. Taken together, our data argue for a careful re-evaluation of pharmacological side effects of RH-1691 and support the applicability of di-4-ANEPPS for stable single-trial in vivo VSDI recordings.

Signal-to-noise characteristics of nonlinear optical amplifiers

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Boyd ◽  
G.S. Agarwal ◽  
W.V. Davis ◽  
A.L. Gaeta ◽  
M. Kauranen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Optical Amplifiers ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics

scholarly journals Electrochemical Sensor for o-Nitrophenol Based onβ-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Yihong Chen ◽  
Yujing Guo ◽  
Fengling Yang ◽  
Fangqin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Electrochemical Sensor ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Functionalized Graphene ◽  
Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Real Water Sample

An electrochemical sensor for the quantification of o-nitrophenol (o-NP) has been developed based on theβ-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode (CD-GNs/GCE). The results indicated that CD-GNs showed good electrochemical behavior to the redox of o-NP which is attributed to the combination of the excellent properties of graphene and cyclodextrin. The peak currents possess a linear relationship with the concentration of o-NP in the range of 5–400 μM. The detection limit of o-NP reached to 0.3 μM on the basis of the signal-to-noise characteristics (S/N=3). The peak potentials for the reversible redox waves are not affected by other nitrophenol isomers (m, p-NP), illustrating good selectivity. Furthermore, the developed electrochemical sensor exhibited good stability and reproducibility for the detection of o-NP and could be used to determine o-NP in real water sample.

Signal-to-noise characteristics of photodiode array fourier transform spectrometers

1988 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 323-324
Author(s):  
Roger A. Van Tassel ◽  
Wallace K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Photodiode Array
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