Modeling Tankers’ Optimal Speed and Emissions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos G. Gkonis ◽  
Harilaos A. Psaraftis
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Slow Steaming ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modeling Task

With the increased quest for greener shipping, reducing the speed of ships has obtained an important role as one of the measures to be applied toward that end. Already speed has been important for economic reasons, as it is a key determinant of fuel cost, a significant component of the operating cost of ships. However, as emissions are directly proportional to fuel consumed, speed is also very much connected with the environmental dimension of shipping. So when shipping markets are in a depressed state and “slow- steaming” is the prevalent practice for economic reasons, an important side benefit is reduced emissions. Emissions estimation models typically assume fixed ship speeds. However, ships do not trade at predetermined speeds. Those who pay for the fuel may choose an operating speed as a function of the freight rate and bunker price, among others. Assuming a fixed speed may thus seriously miscalculate emissions. This paper incorporates ship speed into the analysis, and goes one step further by investigating the impact of optimizing speed on ship emissions. The study of the paper focuses on Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs), but some analysis for the Suezmax, and Aframax crude tanker segments is also presented, and some results for Panamax/Product, LPG, and LNG tankers are also reported. The paper’s modeling approach has two goals: (a) the determination of the optimal operational speeds (laden and ballast) of a tanker as a function of fuel price, freight rate and other parameters, and (b) the estimation, among other outputs, of the emissions of the global fleet of a specific tanker segment. The modeling task comprises two steps. The first one optimizes the laden and ballast leg sailing speeds over reference trade routes for a specific (single) tanker. In a second step, we estimate annual emissions, and other operational attributes (e.g. fuel consumption) for the tanker fleet segment, based on the output of the previous optimization. Other outputs such as CO2 , SO2, NOx and PM emissions are also produced. The policy implications of our work are finally discussed.

Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin and Metformin HCl in Rat Plasma and its Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-762
Author(s):  
Vivek Nalawade ◽  
Vaibhav A. Dixit ◽  
Amisha Vora ◽  
Himashu Zade
Keyword(s):  
Internal Standard ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
One Step ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metformin Hcl

Background: Food and herbal extracts rich in Quercetin (QRT) are often self-medicated by diabetics and can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Metformin HCl (MET) and Canagliflozin (CNG) leading to food or herb-drug interactions and reduced therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of these flavonoids on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of MET and CNG is mostly unknown. Methods: A simple one-step protein precipitation method was developed for the determination of MET and CNG from rat plasma. The mobile phase chosen was MeOH 65% and 35% water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 1mL/min. Results: The retention time of MET, internal standard (Valsartan) and CNG was 1.83, 6.2 and 8.2 min, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 200 - 8000 ng/mL for CNG and 100 = 4000 ng/ml for MET. Precision and accuracy of the method were below 20% at LLOQ and below 15% for LQC, MQC, and HQC. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied for the determination of PK of MET and CNG by using 100 μL of rat plasma. QRT co-administration affects the PK parameters of MET and CNG. This alteration in PK parameters might be of significant use for clinicians and patients.

scholarly journals Structural Change and Its Impact on the Energy Intensity of Agricultural Sector in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Shu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Scale Economy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Agricultural Structure ◽  
The Impact

China’s agricultural structure has undergone significant changes for the past four decades, mainly presenting as the fall of sown proportion of grain crops and the rise of vegetables, as has its energy consumption. Employing the panel data on 30 provinces during 1991–2016, this paper empirically explores the impact of agricultural structure changes (ASC) on the energy intensity of agricultural production (EIAP), direct energy intensity of agricultural production (DEIAP) and indirect energy intensity of agricultural production (IEIAP) in China. Besides, the regional heterogeneity of such impact is examined. The results show that: (1) ASC increases EIAP and IEIAP significantly, while ASC decreases DEIAP, which is explained by the structural effect and different planting modes of different crops; (2) the impact in the three administrative regions is similar to national situation, except the impact of ASC on DEIAP in the West Region, which is explained by regional differences of vegetable mechanization; (3) the result of the six vegetable production regions reveals greater regional heterogeneity, and this is attributed to the scale economy effect and the incremental effect of vegetable mechanization; and (4) fuel price, income, agricultural labor, old dependency ratio, and fiscal expenditure have different but significant impacts on EIAP, DEIAP, and IEIAP. Finally, some policy implications are given.

scholarly journals Effects of the Fuel Price Increase on the Operating Cost of Freight Transport Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01022
Author(s):  
Adel Gohari ◽  
Nasir Matori ◽  
Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof ◽  
Iraj Toloue ◽  
Kin Cho Myint
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
The Impact

One of the most important criteria in freight modal choices is the transport operating cost in which fuel price changes has a significant effect on it. This paper presents the impact of fuel price increases on the operating cost of the different transport modes for the containerized freight transportation. In this study, an operating cost equation was applied to compare the operating cost of different freight transport vehicles as well as evaluation of the operating cost changes across a range of fuel prices between the current price and one-hundred percent increase. The equation consists of influential parameters such as fuel cost, driver wage and maintenance cost of a vehicle. It has been concluded that the effect of the fuel price increase on the operating cost of different freight transportation modes is not in the same rate. According to equation and effective parameters considered, comparing the results showed that truck has the highest cost, train has the largest increase in price. Finally, the ship is the most influenced vehicle in terms of operating cost percentage increase when the rate of fuel price increase, followed by train and truck.

scholarly journals A Simple and Reliable Strategy for BK Virus Subtyping and Subgrouping

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1177-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Morel ◽  
Elodie Martin ◽  
Catherine François ◽  
François Helle ◽  
Justine Faucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Viral Subtype ◽  
Subtype Identification ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT BK virus (BKV)-associated diseases in transplant recipients are an emerging issue. However, identification of the various BK virus subtypes/subgroups is a long and delicate process on the basis of currently available data. Therefore, we wanted to define a simple and effective one-step strategy for characterizing all BK virus strains from the VP1 gene sequence. Based on the analysis of 199 available complete DNA VP1 sequences, phylogenetic trees, alignments, and isolated polymorphisms were used to define an effective strategy for distinguishing the 12 different BK virus subtypes/subgroups. Based on the 12 subtypes identified from the 199 complete BKV VP1 sequences (1,089 bp), 60 mutations that can be used to differentiate these various subtypes/subgroups were identified. Some genomic areas were more variable and comprised mutational hot spots. From a subregion of only 100 bp in the VP1 region (1977 through 2076), we therefore constructed an algorithm that enabled rapid determination of all BKV subtypes/subgroups with 99% agreement (197/199) relative to the complete VP1 sequence. We called this domain of the BK viral genome the BK typing and grouping region (BKTGR). Finally, we validated our viral subtype identification process in a population of 100 transplant recipients with 100% efficiency. The new simpler method of BKV subtyping/subgrouping reported here constitutes a useful tool for future studies that will help us to more clearly understand the impact of BKV subtypes/subgroups on diagnosis, infection, and BK virus-associated diseases.

scholarly journals The Impact of Operational and Financial Hedging to the Airline Operating Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitauli Dewikristi Siallagan ◽  
Ruslan Prijadi
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Operational Hedging ◽  
Financial Hedging ◽  
The Impact

The airline is a low-profit margin and high competition industry. Increasing competition makes airline unable to easily charge their costs to customers and raise their fare,  so that airlines have a narrow profit margin. One of the major costs in the airline industry is jet-fuel cost. International Air Transport Association (IATA), predict that total global fuel cost for period 2019 will rise to USD 200 billion from about USD 180 billion in 2018. In average, Jet fuel will contribute 24.2 percent of total 2019 Airline’s operating cost (IATA [1]). Like most of commodities, jet-fuel price is highly volatile which encourages companies to engage in hedging activities. This paper examines the impact of operational and financial hedging to airline operating performance. We perform an empirical study by using the airline data from 2013 to 2017. To test the impact of hedging in airline operating performance, we regress the operating cost to revenue ratio, operational hedging, financial hedging and other control variables. This study found that financial derivative hedge can reduce the dollar needed to generate airline revenue, while operational hedging increase it. Keywords: Fuel Hedging, Operational Hedging, Financial Hedging, Airline Performance

scholarly journals Slow Steaming as Part of SECA Compliance Strategies among RoRo and RoPax Shipping Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Raza ◽  
Johan Woxenius ◽  
Christian Finnsgård
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
Slow Steaming ◽  
The North ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
The Impact

Many geographically peripheral member states of the EU are critically dependent on short sea Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) and mixed freight–passenger (RoPax) shipping services for intra-European trade. The implementation of the Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA) regulation was expected to raise the operating cost for RoRo and RoPax shipping, and slow steaming was proposed as an immediate solution to save the increased cost. Previous research has investigated the issue of slow steaming and SECA using a quantitative approach. However, the reaction of the RoRo and RoPax shipping firms toward slow steaming as a mitigating factor in the face of expected additional SECA compliance costs using qualitative methodology has not been explored yet. In addition, the knowledge regarding the impact of slow steaming on the competitiveness of short sea RoRo and RoPax with respect to service quality is limited. This article has addressed these issues through the analysis of multiple cases focusing on RoRo and RoPax firms operating in the North and Baltic Seas. Overall, our findings suggest that the 0.1% SECA regulation of 2015 requiring the use of higher-priced MGO has not caused slow steaming in the RoRo and RoPax segments to a large extent. The increased bunker prices are partially transferred to the customers via increased Bunker Adjustment Factor and partly borne by the shipowners. We have found that out of 11 case firms in our study only one RoRo and one RoPax firm have reduced vessel speeds to compensate for the additional SECA compliance costs. We conclude that for RoPax and RoRo segment bunker prices, rigorous competition and, most important, different service quality requirements have significantly restricted the potential implementation of slow steaming.

Business Incubation Initiatives Impact on Entrepreneurs and SMEs

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Business Incubation ◽  
Methodological Triangulation ◽  
The Impact

Business incubation (BI) is a strategic tool that helps a country to grow its entrepreneurial base and reduce the high mortality rate of SMEs. Kingdom of Eswatini adopted the business incubation initiatives to promote entrepreneurship and SME development. To date, no data exist on the impact made by business incubation initiatives. Adopting methodological triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaires and interviews where the participants consisted of SME owners, BI managers, and BI trainers, this exploratory study aims to investigate business incubation initiatives' impact on entrepreneurs and SMEs. Findings reflect that BIs measure their impact by seeing an increase in revenue, increase in the number of people employed, and SME survival post the incubation period. Though SMEs agreed that the BI effects positively, the study also revealed that some SMEs remained in the incubation for more than 10 years. Policy implications emerging are the need to introduce graduation policy and proper determination of requirements for incubation.

Optimum Speed Analysis for Large Containerships

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Yee Shin Khor ◽  
Knut A. Døhlie ◽  
Knut A. Døhlie ◽  
Dimitris Konovessis
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
Slow Steaming ◽  
Optimum Speed ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Large Container ◽  
The Impact

During these times of fluctuating freight rates and oversupply, selection of optimum speed will give an operator a crucial advantage. Until the recession, the emphasis has always been on larger capacity and higher speed. Now, design innovation and slow steaming are becoming important and this article details new software, which is set up to assist the speed optimization process for large container ships. The software uses both propulsion and revenue-cost analysis with an ultralarge container ship model of 20,000 20-ft.unit (TEU) as a case study to derive the most profitable speed. Shippers' costs are also estimated to assess the impact on shippers. This software can be used for new construction or existing ships. The results show that 19.5 knots is the optimum speed, which is a departure from the current trend of 25 knots but supporting the concept of slow steaming. The results are validated by Det Norske Veritas container cost models. Besides that, the multivariable nature of the optimum speed problem is discussed and further analysis has been carried out to determine the range of fuel cost, freight rate, and load factor in which this optimum speed is applicable (in this case, $1100/TEU < freight rate < $1300/TEU, $650/MT < fuel cost < $750/MT and load factor 1/4 40%). This will be useful to ship operators for forecasting purposes.

Assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax spending towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of advanced development territory

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Popova ◽  
Guzel Mukhtarovna Guseinova ◽  
Sergei Borisovich Milov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

The deficit of subnational budgets and deceleration capital investments in multiple Russian regions increase the relevance of research aimed at improvement of tax incentivizing practice of the regional investment process. The studies focused on determination of the impact of socioeconomic and institutional factors upon the efficiency of investment tax expenses obtained wide circulation within the foreign scientific literature. The subject of this article is the assessment of sensitivity of the efficiency of regional tax expanses towards investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity carried out by the residents of territories of advanced socioeconomic development, created in the subjects of Far Easter Federal District. The scientific novelty and practical values of this research consists in substantiation of the reasonableness of assessment of investment attractiveness of the types of economic activity that are stimulated by tax incentives. Methodology for assessing investment attractiveness is proposed and tested. The conclusion is made that in case of low investment attractiveness of the type of economic activity, which was planned to support by tax incentives, it is required to conduct and additional analysis to avoid unjustified tax expanses.

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