scholarly journals Endoscopic Therapy and Radiologic Intervention of Acute Gastroesophageal Variceal Bleeding

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
Jeong Eun Song ◽  
Byung Seok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy ◽  
Radiologic Intervention

scholarly journals Medical Management of Variceal Bleeding in Patients with Cirrhosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan G Abraldes ◽  
Alessandra Dell'Era ◽  
Jaime Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Portosystemic Shunt ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Injection Sclerotherapy ◽  
Variceal Hemorrhage ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Recombinant Activated Factor Vii ◽  
Gastroesophageal Varices

Bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is a frequent and often deadly complication of cirrhosis. The key factor in the natural history of esophageal varices is increased portal pressure, which in cirrhosis is due to the combination of increased hepatic vascular resistance and increased portal collateral blood flow. The maintenance and aggravation of this situation leads to the progressive dilation of the varices and thinning of the variceal wall, until the tension exerted by the variceal wall exceeds the elastic limit of the vessel, leading to variceal hemorrhage. Mortality from a variceal bleeding episode has decreased in the last two decades from 40% to 20% due to the implementation of effective treatments and improvement in the general medical care. Initial treatment should include adequate fluid resuscitation and transfusion to maintain the hematocrit at 25% to 30%, and prophylactic antibiotics (norfloxacin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). It is currently recommended that a vasoactive drug be started at the time of admission. Drug therapy may be started during transferal to hospital by medical or paramedical personnel and maintained for up to five days to prevent early rebleeding. Terlipressin, a vasopressin derivative, is the preferred agent because of its safety profile and proven efficacy in improving survival. Somatostatin is as effective as terlipressin, but may require higher than the usually recommended dosage. Octreotide is effective in conjunction with endoscopic therapy, but is the second choice because it has not been shown to reduce mortality. Vasopressin may be used where terlipressin is not available, but should be given in combination with transdermal nitroglycerin. Endoscopic elastic band ligation is the recommended endoscopic treatment, but injection sclerotherapy is still employed in many centres for active variceal bleeding. Failures of medical therapy (drugs plus endoscopic therapy) should undergo a second course of endoscopic therapy before proceeding to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or, in rare occasions, to portosystemic shunt surgery. Administration of recombinant activated factor VII may decrease the number of treatment failures among patients with advanced liver failure (Child-Pugh class B and C).

scholarly journals Self-Expandable Metal Stents in the Treatment of Acute Esophageal Variceal Bleeding

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Àngels Escorsell ◽  
Jaime Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy ◽  
Massive Bleeding ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Esophageal Variceal ◽  
Esophageal Variceal Bleeding ◽  
New Device ◽  
Balloon Tamponade ◽  
Banding Ligation ◽  
Temporary Control

Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a life-threatening complication in patients with cirrhosis. Hemostatic therapy of AVB includes early administration of vasoactive drugs that should be combined with endoscopic therapy, preferably banding ligation. However, failure to control bleeding or early rebleed within 5 days still occurs in 15–20% of patients with AVB. In these cases, a second endoscopic therapy may be attempted (mild bleeding in a hemodynamically stable patient) or we can use a balloon tamponade as a bridge to definitive derivative treatment (i.e., a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt). Esophageal balloon tamponade provides initial control in up to 80% of AVB, but it carries a high risk of major complications, especially in cases of long duration of tamponade (>24 h) and when tubes are inserted by inexperienced staff. Preliminary reports suggest that self-expandable covered esophageal metallic stents effectively control refractory AVB (i.e., ongoing bleeding despite pharmacological and endoscopic therapy or massive bleeding precluding endoscopic therapy) with a low incidence of complications. Thus, covered self-expanding metal stents may represent an alternative to the Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon for the temporary control of bleeding in treatment failures. Further studies are required to determine the role of this new device in AVB.

scholarly journals Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

BMJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. l536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J Stanley ◽  
Loren Laine
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy ◽  
Ulcer Bleeding ◽  
Vasoactive Drugs ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Abstract Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common medical emergency, with a reported mortality of 2-10%. Patients identified as being at very low risk of either needing an intervention or death can be managed as outpatients. For all other patients, intravenous fluids as needed for resuscitation and red cell transfusion at a hemoglobin threshold of 70-80 g/L are recommended. After resuscitation is initiated, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the prokinetic agent erythromycin may be administered, with antibiotics and vasoactive drugs recommended in patients who have cirrhosis. Endoscopy should be undertaken within 24 hours, with earlier endoscopy considered after resuscitation in patients at high risk, such as those with hemodynamic instability. Endoscopic treatment is used for variceal bleeding (for example, ligation for esophageal varices and tissue glue for gastric varices) and for high risk non-variceal bleeding (for example, injection, thermal probes, or clips for lesions with active bleeding or non-bleeding visible vessel). Patients who require endoscopic therapy for ulcer bleeding should receive high dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopy, whereas those who have variceal bleeding should continue taking antibiotics and vasoactive drugs. Recurrent ulcer bleeding is treated with repeat endoscopic therapy, with subsequent bleeding managed by interventional radiology or surgery. Recurrent variceal bleeding is generally treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. In patients who require antithrombotic agents, outcomes appear to be better when these drugs are reintroduced early.

scholarly journals Prophylactic Endoscopic Therapy for Variceal Bleeding in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3087-3093
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Yujen Tseng ◽  
Tiancheng Luo ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Lili Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy

Current endoscopic therapy of variceal bleeding

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Càndid Villanueva ◽  
Alan Colomo ◽  
Carlos Aracil ◽  
Carlos Guarner
Keyword(s):  
Variceal Bleeding ◽  
Endoscopic Therapy
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