scholarly journals How we speak and think about gender: Conceptual metaphors in the Serbian language

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-142
Author(s):  
Tamara Ivančević
Keyword(s):  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Construction ◽  
Stylistic Device ◽  
Fair Degree

The influence of human experience on observations about different physical and non-physical entities has been ignored and even denied for a long time within the framework of Western philosophy, which has been occupied with the question of language, among other things. Mark Johnson and George Lakoff's cognitive approach to language, which developed in the 1980s, has shown that ways in which people interact with their environment have a strong effect on the ways of understanding concepts. Such understandings, if not entirely then in a fair degree, are realized by metaphors that therefore cease to be primary and only defined as a stylistic device. Taking into account that gender and/or its contextual background are often overlooked in many analyses of conceptual metaphors, this paper endeavours to examine the abstractness of the concepts woman and man through the research in The Corpus of Contemporary Serbian. If the human understanding of abstract concepts comes, at least partially, through metaphors, and woman and man as a subcategory of the concept human are abstract, then man and woman must also be represented through one of the possible forms of the metaphor - metaphorical linguistic expressions. At the same time, the social context in which we are talking and thinking about women and men is marked by contemporary patriarchy and heteronormativity, and this is by no means negligible in its closer definition. Woman and man do not exist, or it is unimportant if they exist beyond human construction and imaginative conceptualization. The fact that something is a construct does not mean that it is without real and dangerous consequences.

scholarly journals Translating Metaphorical Expressions in Political Discourse: A Comparative Conceptual Study (English – Arabic)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour K. Thajeel
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Conceptual Mapping ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Concrete Experience ◽  
Metaphorical Expression ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
The Given

This paper is to analyze the conceptual metaphors underlying the metaphorical expressions in political discourse, it explores the role of conceptual metaphors on political language and the translation strategy adopted to translate. To prove this, a cognitive approach to metaphorical expressions translation in political discourse is used. The study focuses on the analysis of the conceptual mapping of the abstract concept of politics into some other source domains. The given examples are used to argue that we use existing physical concepts to conceptualize abstract concepts for easy understanding. The results obtained reveal that the set of conceptual metaphors underlying the political expressions are almost similar in both languages in terms of the source domains used as well as their collocation patterns. The paper adds a further support to the claim that metaphors are not only a rhetorical tool used by literary men but it reflects our thinking when dealing with abstract issues in terms of concrete experience. The study has pedagogical implications for media translation students. They can compile their own glossaries using the collocation patterns relevant to each metaphorical expression.

scholarly journals Women’s representations in advertisements: conceptual explorations / As representações das mulheres em propagandas: explorações conceptuais

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Amanda Maria Bicudo de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Women's Magazines ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

Abstract: Unlike traditional visions show, metaphors are present not only in literary language, but also in everyday, scientific and philosophical languages. It is through the metaphors that we conceptualize the world and understand the most abstract concepts that we have. Based on this premise, this study investigates the conceptual metaphors found in advertisements of women’s magazines, based on the theories: the theory of conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2002), considerations of Kovecses (2002) about this theory and particular character of metaphors in advertisements, as proposed by Velasco-Sacristán (2010) and Ungerer (2003). The purposes of this research are to examine how the metaphors conceptualize the product advertised and how they reveal the social representation of women. The research was done through analysis of four advertisements taken from the magazines: Nova (Dec. 2008), Marie Claire (Oct. 2008), Cláudia (July 2009) and one advertisement taken from a website, published in 2020. The results show that conceptual metaphors are tools used by propagandists in the creation of advertisements based on stereotypes, representations and ideologies of particular group to which the advertisement is intended. Such resources tend to persuade the reader to purchase the product released.Keywords: metaphor; conceptual metaphor; advertisements.Resumo: Ao contrário do que mostram visões tradicionais, a metáfora não está presente somente na linguagem literária, mas também nas linguagens: cotidiana, científica e filosófica. É por meio das metáforas que nós conceptualizamos o mundo e compreendemos a maioria dos conceitos abstratos que temos. Com base nesse postulado, o presente estudo investiga as metáforas conceptuais presentes em propagandas de revistas femininas, tendo como pressupostos teóricos: a teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, proposta por Lakoff e Johnson (2002), as considerações de Kovecses (2002) acerca dessa teoria e o caráter particular das metáforas em propagandas, como proposto por Velasco-Sacristán (2010) e Ungerer (2003). Os objetivos dessa investigação são verificar o modo como as metáforas conceptualizam o produto divulgado e em que medida elas revelam a representação social da mulher. A pesquisa foi realizada através da análise de duas propagandas, retiradas das revistas: Nova (dez. 2008) e Marie Claire (out. 2008). Os resultados mostram que as metáforas conceptuais são ferramentas utilizadas pelos propagandistas na elaboração das propagandas, com base em estereótipos, representações e ideologias de determinado público-alvo ao qual a propaganda é destinada. Tais recursos tendem a persuadir o leitor a adquirir o produto divulgado.Palavras-chave: metáfora; metáfora conceptual; propagandas.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

Collective Human Agency in the Context of Organizational Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Georg Weber ◽  
Hans Jeppe Jeppesen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Employee Participation ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Participation ◽  
The Social

Abstract. Connecting the social cognitive approach of human agency by Bandura (1997) and activity theory by Leontiev (1978) , this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for analyzing and understanding employee participation in organizational decision-making. Focusing on the social cognitive concepts of self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness, intentionality, and forethought, commonalities, complementarities, and differences between both theories are explained. Efficacy in agency is conceived as a cognitive foundation of work motivation, whereas the mediation of societal requirements and resources through practical activity is conceptualized as an ecological approach to motivation. Additionally, we discuss to which degree collective objectifications can be understood as material indicators of employees’ collective efficacy. By way of example, we explore whether an integrated application of concepts from both theories promotes a clearer understanding of mechanisms connected to the practice of employee participation.

ISLAM PADA MASA KESULTANAN BANTEN

ALQALAM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Maftuh Maftuh
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Islamic Militancy ◽  
Religious Understanding

For many observers, Banten is well known as an area where the population has a strict religious understanding onislamic law. Colonial officials and experts in Islamic studies such as Snouck Hurgronje and GF Pijper, testified that compared to other Muslims across Java , Muslim in Banten and Cirebon were stricter in practicing Islam . The phenomenon of the social life of the religious community in Banten is necessarily formed within a very long time span. This paper traces the root of the formation of public religious understanding ojMuslim in Banten. Using a socio-historical approach, this paper then leads to the conclusion that the sultan of Banten issued policies that had a greater emphasis to the adherence to the Shari'a rather than Sufism. Religious orientation on the fiqh-oriented can explain the Islamic militancy Banten community, as witnessed by the colonial officials, and even still can be seen up to this present moment.Key words: Jslamization, Sultanate, Banten

Making it abstract, making it contestable: Gender/sex as a politicized concept

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazzuca ◽  
Matteo Santarelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Biological Feature ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cultural Construct ◽  
Science Framework ◽  
The One

The concept of gender has been the battleground of scientific and political speculations for a long time. On the one hand, some accounts contended that gender is a biological feature, while on the other hand some scholars maintained that gender is a socio-cultural construct (e.g., Butler, 1990; Risman, 2004). Some of the questions that animated the debate on gender over history are: how many genders are there? Is gender rooted in our biological asset? Are gender and sex the same thing? All of these questions entwine one more crucial, and often overlooked interrogative. How is it possible for a concept to be the purview of so many disagreements and conceptual redefinitions? The question that this paper addresses is therefore not which specific account of gender is preferable. Rather, the main question we will address is how and why is even possible to disagree on how gender should be considered. To provide partial answers to these questions, we suggest that gender/sex (van Anders, 2015; Fausto-Sterling, 2019) is an illustrative example of politicized concepts. We show that no concepts are political in themselves; instead, some concepts are subjected to a process involving a progressive detachment from their supposed concrete referent (i.e., abstractness), a tension to generalizability (i.e., abstraction), a partial indeterminacy (i.e., vagueness), and the possibility of being contested (i.e., contestability). All of these features differentially contribute to what we call the politicization of a concept. In short, we will claim that in order to politicize a concept, a possible strategy is to evidence its more abstract facets, without denying its more embodied and perceptual components (Borghi et al., 2019). So, we will first outline how gender has been treated in psychological and philosophical discussions, to evidence its essentially contestable character thereby showing how it became a politicized concept. Then we will review some of the most influential accounts of political concepts, arguing that currently they need to be integrated with more sophisticated distinctions (e.g., Koselleck, 2004). The notions gained from the analyses of some of the most important accounts of political concepts in social sciences and philosophy will allow us to implement a more dynamic approach to political concepts. Specifically, when translated into the cognitive science framework, these reflections will help us clarifying some crucial aspects of the nature of politicized concepts. Bridging together social and cognitive sciences, we will show how politicized concepts are abstract concepts, or better abstract conceptualizations.

scholarly journals Embodiment of Ancestral Spirits, the Social Interface, and Ritual Ceremonies: Construction of the Shamanic Landscape among the Daur in North China

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Feng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
North China ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Interface ◽  
Human Construction ◽  
Human Social Life

The case study in this paper is on the Daur (as well as the Evenki, Buriat, and Bargu Mongols) in Hulun Buir, Northeast China. The aim of this research is to examine how shamanic rituals function as a conduit to actualize communications between the clan members and their shaman ancestors. Through examinations and observations of Daur and other Indigenous shamanic rituals in Northeast China, this paper argues that the human construction of the shamanic landscape brings humans, other-than-humans, and things together into social relations in shamanic ontologies. Inter-human metamorphosis is crucial to Indigenous self-conceptualization and identity. Through rituals, ancestor spirits are active actors involved in almost every aspect of modern human social life among these Indigenous peoples.

scholarly journals From “the Moon Is Rounder Abroad” to “Bravo, My Country”: How China Misperceives the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Chinese Public

AbstractFor a long time, since China’s opening to the outside world in the late 1970s, admiration for foreign socioeconomic prosperity and quality of life characterized much of the Chinese society, which contributed to dissatisfaction with the country’s development and government and a large-scale exodus of students and emigrants to foreign countries. More recently, however, overestimating China’s standing and popularity in the world has become a more conspicuous feature of Chinese public opinion and the social backdrop of the country’s overreach in global affairs in the last few years. This essay discusses the effects of these misperceptions about the world, their potential sources, and the outcomes of correcting misperceptions. It concludes that while the world should get China right and not misinterpret China’s intentions and actions, China should also get the world right and have a more balanced understanding of its relationship with the world.

DEFINITION OF THE ELITE QUALITY INDEX AS A NEW TYPE OF THE SOCIAL RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
S. FURS ◽  
◽  
A. FEDOSEEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Social Research ◽  
International Study ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Type ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the consideration of such an object of interdisciplinary research as the elite, namely, the latest trends in its study. It is shown that the consideration of this phenomenon has been going on for a long time, but now there is a sharp change in the focus of research – a new methodology is being developed. This is due to the fact that the axiom taken is the provision of a significant influence of the elite not only on the distribution of resources (economic, political, administrative) but also on the development (or recession) of the nation as a whole. The article presents a detailed analysis of the methodology for measuring the elite quality index which formed the basis for an international study conducted in 2020.

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