CROs in Modern-day China

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven S Ma
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Contract Research Organization ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
China And India ◽  
Deal Activity ◽  
Activity Trends

Contract research organization (CRO) outsourcing has become a critical strategy for multinational biopharmaceutical companies looking to reduce costs, time-to-market and expanding their pipelines as blockbuster patents expire. Much of the growth in the CRO industry is coming from emerging markets, such as China and India. China's CRO industry began in 1996 and is still relatively young and fragmented. However, it is growing quickly at an annual rate of 30%. Global CRO giants such as Quintiles, PPD, Covance, Parexel and ICON have invested in facilities in China and some Chinese CROs have grown to become global players. This paper will provide a detailed analysis on CROs in China, including the characterization of companies and services provided, recent IPO/M&A deal activity, trends in the sector, and intellectual property and regulatory issues to consider. Readers will be able to obtain a clear picture of China's CRO landscape. This paper should serve as a guide for companies considering outsourcing R&D to China and investors looking for opportunities in China's CRO industry. 

MALAT1 as a Versatile Regulator of Cancer: Overview of the updates from Predatory role as Competitive Endogenous RNA to Mechanistic In-sights

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammad Ahmad Farooqi ◽  
Evangelia Legaki ◽  
Maria Gazouli ◽  
Silvia Rinaldi ◽  
Rossana Berardi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways ◽  
Competitive Endogenous Rna

: Central dogma of molecular biology has remained cornerstone of classical molecular biology but serendipitous discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in nematodes paradigmatically shifted our current understanding of the intricate mech-anisms which occur during transitions from transcription to translation. Discovery of miRNA captured tremendous attention and appreciation and we had witnessed an explosion in the field of non-coding RNAs. Ground-breaking discoveries in the field of non-coding RNAs have helped in better characterization of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). There is an ever-increasing list of miRNA targets which are regulated by MALAT1 to stimulate or repress expression of tar-get genes. However, in this review our main focus is to summarize mechanistic insights related to MALAT1-mediated regu-lation of oncogenic signaling pathways. We have discussed how MALAT1 modulated TGF/SMAD and Hippo pathways in various cancers. We have also comprehensively summarized how JAK/STAT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways stimulated MALAT1 expression and consequentially how MALAT1 potentiated these signaling cascades to promote cancer. MALAT1 research has undergone substantial broadening however, there is still a need to identify additional mechanisms. MALAT1 is involved in multi-layered regulation of multiple transduction cascades and detailed analysis of different pathways will be helpful in getting a step closer to individualized medicine.

Characterization of Defect Structures in SiC Single Crystals Using Synchrotron X-Ray Topography

1993 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wang ◽  
M. Dudley ◽  
C. Carter ◽  
D. Asbury ◽  
C. Fazit
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Basal Plane ◽  
Defect Structures ◽  
Dislocation Generation ◽  
Screw Dislocations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
White Beam

ABSTRACTSynchrotron white beam X-ray topography has been used to characterize defect structures in 6H-SiC wafers grown on (0001) seeds. Two major types of defects are observed: super screw dislocations approximately perpendicular to the basal plane and dislocation networks lying in the basal plane. The super screw dislocations, which have open cores, are growth dislocations. These dislocations act as sources and/or sinks for the glide dislocation networks. Detailed analysis and discussion of dislocation generation phenomena and Burgers vectors will be presented.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Oxyhydroxyapatites

2018 ◽  
Vol 762 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Liene Pluduma ◽  
Karlis Agris Gross ◽  
Christian Rey ◽  
Arnolds Ubelis ◽  
Astrida Berzina
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Absorption Line ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Ion Absorption ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion

The amount and alignment of hydroxyl ions influence the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyl ions in hydroxyapatite are the most mobile and upon heating are the first to leave the lattice to form oxyhydroxyapatite. This work describes a method for producing hydroxyapatite with different amounts of hydroxyl ions, and reports on the changes in Fourier transform infrared absorption at increasing level of dehydroxylation. Detailed analysis of spectra in the 500 – 700 cm-1 range showed a peak shift for the hydroxyl ion absorption line at 632 cm-1 to 637 cm-1 and an increase in the wavenumber for the phosphate line at 575 cm-1.

FDI inflows and intellectual property rights for MNEs in emerging markets: an alternative approach through the lens of trademarks in Vietnam (1986-2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-519
Author(s):  
Amy Linh Thuy Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Content Type

Purpose While the current anti-globalisation wave is considered as a regional and cyclical relapse among Western countries, the new era of globalisation has shifted away from stagnant developed economies towards the rising prosperity of emerging Asia, where it is attracting substantial global inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Focussing on Vietnam, the country that is seen as Asia’s next economic tiger, the question of how important intellectual properties (IP) protection is in the international competition for FDI inflows is still unsettled, especially on the under-researched topic of trademarks. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes on the business history approach, which allows rich evidence from the dynamic and evolving natures of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to drive the research process, so that international business scholars can test models rigorously. The evidence provided in this paper is essentially qualitative and combines trademark registrations data, with trade and FDI statistics between 1986 and 2016, also draws on companies’ archives, industry reports and related newspaper articles. Findings This paper provides the chronology of intellectual property right (IPR) legal landscapes and the dynamic co-evolution of trademarks and FDI inflows in Vietnam. Three trademark protection strategies for MNEs and their patterns here are addressed. The paper also argues that trademarks bring new insights and IP protection strategy for pharmaceutical MNEs for the case of Vietnam is as important in trademarks as it is in patents. In emerging markets with strong incentives for FDI such as Vietnam, MNEs are not necessarily put off by weak IPR, but rather create alternative strategies for dealing with the lack of IP protection in these emerging market settings. Originality/value This study challenges the stream of thoughts that view trademarks as a “neglected intangible asset” among different IPRs, while in fact, trademarks advance MNEs’ knowledge by ensuring competitiveness and long-run survival in emerging markets. This paper is among the first few attempts to look at pharmaceutical industry through the lens of trademarks, moving away from the traditional patent-focussed approach. It extends the understanding of OLI paradigm and highlights that MNEs need to possess Oa and Op advantages not only at the beginning of internationalisation process but rather evolving through the time to cope with imitation risks in the host country.

The Characterization of Secondary Interstellar Neutral Oxygen beyond the Heliopause: A Detailed Analysis of the IBEX-Lo Oxygen Observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 880 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeewoo Park ◽  
Harald Kucharek ◽  
Nikolaos Paschalidis ◽  
Adam Szabo ◽  
David Heirtzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis

The Fuel of Scientific Progress

Black Boxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 215-249
Author(s):  
Marco J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cumulative Model ◽  
New Millennium

This chapter addresses a classic topic: the advancement of science. In the wake of Kuhn’s groundbreaking work, positivist philosophy of science was replaced by a more realistic and historically informed depiction of science. However, over half a century has now passed since the publication of Structure. Despite valiant attempts, we still lack a fully developed, viable replacement for the cumulative model presupposed by positivism. At the dawn of the new millennium, mainstream philosophy eventually abandoned the project of developing a grand, overarching account of science. The quest for generality was traded in for a more detailed analysis of particular disciplines and practices. The goal of this chapter is to show how the black-boxing strategy can offer a revamped formulation of scientific progress, an important topic that lies at the core of any general characterization of science, and bring it back on the philosophical main stage, where it legitimately belongs.

scholarly journals Note on the Cohomology Groups of Associative Algebras

1953 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirosi Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Cohomology Theory ◽  
Cohomology Groups ◽  
Associative Algebras ◽  
3 Dimensional

The cohomology theory of associative algebras has been developed by G. liochschild [1], [2], [3], and the 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional cohomology groups have been interpreted with reference to classical notions of structure in his papers. Recently M. Ikeda has obtained, by a detailed analysis of Hochschild’s modules, an interesting structural characterization of the class of algebras whose 2-dimensional cohomology groups are all zero [5].

The CoExistence of Copyright and Patent Laws to Protect InnovationA Case Study of 3D Printing in UK and Australian Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinusha Mendis ◽  
Jane Nielsen ◽  
Diane Nicol ◽  
Phoebe Li
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
Patent Laws

The chapter considers the challenges faced by intellectual property (IP) laws, in particular copyright and patent laws, in responding to emerging technologies and innovation like 3D printing and scanning. It provides a brief introduction to 3D printing before moving to detailed analysis of relevant UK and Australian jurisprudence. Through this comparative analysis, the chapter explores whether copyright and patent laws can effectively protect innovation in this emerging technology, including consideration of both subsistence and infringement. The chapter suggests that 3D printing, like most other technologies, has a universal reach, yet subtle differences in the wording and interpretation of IP legislation between jurisdictions could lead to anomalies in levels of protection. It explores the possibility of a sui generis regime of IP protection for 3D printing, but submits that a nuanced reworking of existing regimes is, in the vast majority of circumstances, likely to be a sufficient response.

scholarly journals Detailed analysis of the isotopic composition of CO and characterization of the air masses arriving at Mount Sonnblick (Austrian Alps)

2001 ◽  
Vol 106 (D3) ◽  
pp. 3179-3193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Gros ◽  
Maya Bräunlich ◽  
T. Röckmann ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
P. Bergamaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Austrian Alps
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