Simulation and characterization in the refining industry: A review

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) spent catalysts are the most common catalysts produced by the petroleum refining industry in China. The National Hazardous Waste List (2016 edition) lists FCC spent catalysts as hazardous waste, but this listing is very controversial in the petroleum refining industry. This study collects samples of waste catalysts from seven domestic catalytic cracking units without antimony-based passivation agents and identifies their hazardous characteristics. FCC spent catalysts do not have the characteristics of flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity, or infectivity. Based on our analysis of the components and production process of the FCC spent catalysts, we focused on the hazardous characteristic of toxicity. Our results show that the leaching toxicity of the heavy metal pollutants nickel, copper, lead, and zinc in the FCC spent catalyst samples did not exceed the hazardous waste identification standards. Assuming that the standards for antimony and vanadium leachate are 100 times higher than that of the surface water and groundwater environmental quality standards, the leaching concentration of antimony and vanadium in the FCC spent catalyst of the G set of installations exceeds the standard, which may affect the environmental quality of surface water or groundwater. The quantities of toxic substances in all spent FCC catalysts, except those from G2, does not exceed the standard. The acute toxicity of FCC spent catalysts in all installations does not exceed the standard. Therefore, we exclude “waste catalysts from catalytic cracking units without antimony-based passivating agent passivation nickel agent” from the “National Hazardous Waste List.”

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The Petroleum Refining Industry of Russia: Today and tomorrow

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils ◽

10.1007/bf00723191 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 413-416

Author(s):

�. F. Kaminskii ◽

I. T. Kozlov ◽

S. G. Ashitko

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Refining ◽

Refining Industry ◽

Petroleum Refining Industry

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Assessment and Planning of the Electrical Systems in Mexican Refineries by 2014

ASME 2011 Power Conference, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/power2011-55316 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Ivan Ruiz Flores ◽

J. Hugo Rodri´guez Marti´nez ◽

Guillermo D. Taboada ◽

Javier Pano Jimenez

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power Plants ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Refining Industry ◽

Oil Refining ◽

Electrical Power System ◽

Electrical Power Systems ◽

New Process ◽

Process Plants ◽

Petroleum Company

Nowadays the refining sector in Mexico needs to increase the quantity and quality of produced fuels by installing new process plants for gasoline and ultra low sulphur diesel. These plants require the provision of electricity and steam, among other services to function properly, which can be supplied by the power plants currently installed in each refinery through an expansion of their generation capacity. These power plants need to increase its production of electricity and steam at levels above their installed capacity, which involves the addition of new power generating equipment (gas or steam turbo-generators) as well as the raise of the electrical loads. Currently, the Mexican Petroleum Company (PEMEX) is planning to restructure their electrical and steam systems in order to optimally supply the required services for the production of high quality fuels. In this paper the present status of the original electrical power systems of the refineries is assessed and the electrical integration of new process plants in the typical schemes is analyzed. Also this paper shows the conceptual schemes proposed to restructure the electrical power system for two refineries and the strategic planning focused on implement the modifications required for the integration of new process plants that will demand about 20 MW for each refinery by 2014. The results of the analysis allowed to identify the current conditions of the electrical power systems in the oil refining industry or National Refining Industry (NRI), and thereby to offer technical solutions that could be useful to engineers facing similar projects.

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