scholarly journals Evaluating if airborne chemical levels in indoor swimming pools are influenced by type of water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Khayati Patel ◽  
Chun-Yip Hon
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Chemical Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction Airborne chemical contaminants within an indoor space have the potential to cause adverse effects on those who work or visit the building. Indoor pools are no exception and airborne contaminants arise when chemicals, used for disinfection purposes, react with the pool water. Pool water can be treated by different means (e.g., chlorination or ultra-violet (UV) radiation) and whether the type of water treatment affects the airborne chemical levels is unclear. This study examined UV-treated vs. chlorine-treated swimming pools to determine if there is a difference in the resulting airborne chemical concentration of chlorine, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and trichloramines. Methods Two swimming pools (one UV-treated and one chlorine-treated) were selected to participate based upon the inclusion criteria. Partial period sampling was conducted on 3 different days at each facility when swim classes were occurring. For each sampling period, two ambient samples for each analyte (chlorine, HCl, and trichloramines) were collected according to recognized occupational hygiene protocols. Additionally, the temperature and relative humidity were measured, and other pool chemistry information was obtained. Comparative analyses were performed to ascertain if there was a difference in airborne chemical levels between the two pools. Results Summary statistics indicated very similar averages for each of the three airborne chemicals between the two water treatment types. A two-sample t-test found that the difference in means was not statistically significant for any of the three analytes. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference reported in the mean airborne concentration for any of the analytes between the chlorine-treated swimming pool and the UV-treated swimming pool. In addition, all airborne chemical concentration levels were below their respective occupational exposure limit or recommended guideline level. The type of water treatment does not appear to impact the airborne chemical levels though further research is suggested to confirm these results.

The Occurrence of Unfavorable Phenomena in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak ◽  
Marta Dyrała
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
The Relationship

The study assessed unfavorable phenomena occurring in swimming pool water, including the occurrence of organic micropollutants in swimming pools and the transformation of these compounds during the swimming pool water treatment processes. The presence of three selected compounds was examined from the personal care products group (PCP) in pool water samples, collected in 2018 and 2019, from fifteen pools characterized using three different solutions of swimming pool water treatment systems. In addition, experimental studies on the effects of UV radiation and ozone on selected organic micropollutants, previously identified in swimming pools and the relationship between swimming pool water turbidity and the concentration of the selected PCP micropollutants, were carried out

Swimming Pools – Brief Outline of Water Treatment and Management

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. J. Powick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

A brief history of the development of swimming pool water treatment and management has been discussed, applicable to both large and small pools. An outline of typical bathing loads and current methods of water treatment has been presented with particular emphasis being given to disinfection. Chlorine has been the traditional sole disinfectant used since the 1920's but alternatives are continually being sought. Chief amongst the alternatives to date has been ozone, used in conjunction with chlorine. Ozone acts as a powerful oxidiser and disinfectant but has little residual effect. Chlorine is therefore used to provide a residual in the pool. Current British trends in pool design and treatment have been noted.

Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Qiyan Feng ◽  
Aiqin Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

scholarly journals Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot ◽  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak ◽  
Edyta Łaskawiec
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Hot Tubs ◽  
By Products

AbstractRecommendations regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also among the largest (0.038–0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff.

Ozone Swimming Pool Water Treatment Under Tropical Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bataller ◽  
E. Veliz ◽  
R. Pérez-Rey ◽  
L. A. Fernández ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

scholarly journals An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a swimming pool

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Joce ◽  
J. Bruce ◽  
D. Kiely ◽  
N. D. Noah ◽  
W. B. Dempster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Royal Infirmary ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Pool Water

SUMMARYIn August 1988 an increase was noted in the number of cases of cryptosporidiosis identified by the microbiology laboratory at Doncaster Royal Infirmary. By 31 October, 67 cases had been reported. Preliminary investigations implicated the use of one of two swimming pools at a local sports centre and oocysts were identified in the pool water. Inspection of the pool revealed significant plumbing defects which had allowed ingress of sewage from the main sewer into the circulating pool water. Epidemiological investigation confirmed an association between head immersion and illness. The pools were closed when oocysts were identified in the water and extensive cleaning and repair work was undertaken. The pool water was retested for cryptosporidial oocysts and found to be negative before the pool re-opened.

scholarly journals Using Sodium Hypochlorite as the Main Disinfectant in the Swimming Pool of National Technical University Sports Complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
K. V. Solomakha ◽  
◽  
S. I. Harkavyi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
National Technical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Technical University

This article is about the importance of sanitary and hygienic examination of water complexes, in particular, swimming pools and water parks. There is an increasing demand for visiting such water complexes in Ukraine, both for sports activities and for leisure activities. The focus of this article is on the sanitary and hygienic examination and survey of pool water, which is treated with sodium hypochlorite (obtained by chemical way). Material and methods. The studies were carried out for 10 weeks, including a series of water samples, which were taken during the quarantine period, when swimmers were prohibited from visiting the pool. This situation made possible to make a comparative hygienic assessment of the effect of workload on the water condition in the pool and the effectiveness of disinfection. There was also a short review and characteristics of hypochlorite A, which was obtained in chemical way, its advantages and disadvantages as a disinfectant. The article analyzes the data obtained during the sanitary and hygienic survey of the pool of the swimming pool of the national technical university, their statistical processing, and comparison with the current regulatory documents of Ukraine and some other states. The data obtained in the course of a series of studies indicated a significant human influence on the state of water in the pool, which once again indicates the importance of health education of the population and visitors in swimming pools and water parks, in particular, the need to take a shower before swimming, after using the toilet, etc.; the need for training the right culture of visiting different water objects. Particular attention should be paid to swimming pools frequented by children, as they often do not have sufficient hygiene skills, or due to age cannot constantly monitor urination, so, as a rule, it`s an acute issue of large amounts of chloramines in swimming pools for children. Conclusion. In particular, a statistically significant difference was obtained in terms of ammonia and ammonium ions (in total), which indicated a significant influence of visitors on this parameter. And, as you know, organic impurities (sweat, urine, cosmetics remains etc.) that get into the water together with the swimmers, react with chlorine and form chloramines, which can negatively affect the health of both the visitors and the staff. This must be taken into account while changing the workload on the pool and choosing the dose of disinfectant

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE UV LAMP POWER ON THE FORMATION OF SWIMMING POOL WATER TREATMENT BY-PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Edyta KUDLEK ◽  
Anna LEMPART ◽  
Mariusz DUDZIAK ◽  
Marta BUJAK
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
By Products
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