A narrative review of infections associated with personal service establishments Part II: Piercing and tattooing

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (02) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Prabjit Barn ◽  
Tina Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Body Modification ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Service ◽  
Outer Lining

In part II of our paper on personal service establishment services-related infections, we review bacterial, viral, and fungal infections related to piercing, tattooing, and body modification. Sixty-six studies were identified for piercing and tattooing-related viral and bacterial infections. No studies investigating fungal infections, or body modification service-related infections were identified. Bacterial infections, particularly, mycobacterium infections were commonly reported for piercing and tattooing, while viral risks were less well characterized, with the exception of tattooing related hepatitis B and C infections. Aside from localized infections at the pierced or tattooed site, a systemic infection involving the outer lining of the heart, infective endocarditis (IE), was also identified as an important health concern; those with pre-existing heart conditions are at highest risk of IE from invasive procedures. Both bacterial and viral outbreaks were linked to poor infection control procedures, and in two events, the use of municipal water to dilute tattoo ink was suspected as a source of mycobacteria leading to outbreaks of infection. The majority of studies identified were case reports; these studies provide only a limited understanding of infection pathways and do not allow for a quantitative estimation of risk. Despite important gaps in current knowledge, the available scientific literature can be used to support and inform the development of health-protective policies and practices in personal service establishments.

A narrative review of infections associated with personal service establishments Part I: Aesthetics

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Prabjit Barn ◽  
Tina Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Personal Service ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mycobacterium Infections

Personal service establishments (PSEs) offer a range of services to their clientele, including manicures, pedicures, facials, waxing, and hairstyling and (or) barbering services. Several key gaps exist with respect to regulations, guidelines, and best practices for PSEs. One major gap is the lack of information on infection risks associated with PSEs. To address this, we conducted a review of the scientific literature to investigate the relationship between bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and specific PSE services. Using the Ebsco database, we identified case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys, case reports, and review studies investigating this relationship. Bacterial infections, particularly, mycobacterium infections are commonly reported, while viral risks are less well characterized. No information was found on fungal infection risks. Very limited evidence is available for some services, including manicures, hair styling, and barbering. Studies related to pedicures, although few, do establish a clear link between mycobacterium infections of the lower legs and the use of re-circulating footbaths. Waxing has been implicated in bacterial infection outbreaks due to poor infection control practices. The majority of studies identified are case reports, which provide limited information on the specifics of the services, and do not allow for an assessment of the PSE-related burden of illness. Some studies, however, do point to specific risk factors, routes of transmission, and research needs that can help to better inform PSE-related policy and practice.

Infectious and non-infectious complications in primary immunodeficiency disorders: an autopsy study from North India

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirti Gupta ◽  
Amit Rawat ◽  
Parimal Agrawal ◽  
Ankur Jindal ◽  
Ritambhra Nada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
North India ◽  
Inherited Disorders ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders

BackgroundPrimary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) include a wide spectrum of inherited disorders characterised by functional abnormalities of one or more components of the immune system. Recent updates from the genomic data have contributed significantly to its better understanding with identification of new entities. Diagnosis is always challenging due to their variable clinical presentation. With the evolution of molecular diagnosis, many of these children are being diagnosed early and offered appropriate therapy. However, in developing countries, early diagnosis is still not being made: as a result these patients succumb to their disease. Autopsy data on PID is notably lacking in the literature with histopathological evaluation of PID being limited to rare case reports.ObjectiveTo analyse the clinical, immunologic (including mutational) and morphologic features at autopsy in 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders diagnosed at our Institute over the past decade.MethodsStudy includes a detailed clinico-pathological analysis of 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders.ResultsA varied spectrum of infectious and non-infectious complications were identified in these cases of which fungal infections were found to be more frequent compared with viral or bacterial infections. Rare and novel morphological findings, like granulomatous involvement of the heart in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, systemic amyloidosis in a teenage girl with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, are highlighted which is distinctly lacking in the literature.ConclusionsThe present study is perhaps the first autopsy series on PID. Even in the molecular era, such analysis is still important, as correlation of pathological features with clinical symptoms provides clues for a timely diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in pregnancy: What do we really know?

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Jerome Bouaziz ◽  
Marc Even ◽  
Frederique Isnard-Bogillot ◽  
Eli Vesale ◽  
Mariam Nikpayam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to escalate worldwide and has become a pressing global health concern. This article comprehensively reviews the current knowledge on the impact of COVID-19 over pregnant women and neonates, as well as current recommendations for their management. We also analyse previous evidences from viral respiratory diseases such as SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and influenza that may help to guide clinical practice during the current pandemic. We collected 23 case reports, case series, and case-control studies (18 from China) comprising 174 pregnant women with COVID-19. The majority of mothers showed a clinical presentation of the disease similar to that of non-infected adults. Preliminary evidences point towards a potentially increased risk of pregnancy adverse outcomes in women with COVID-19, with preterm delivery the most frequently observed (16.7%) followed by fetal distress (9.77%). The most commonly reported adverse neonatal outcomes included respiratory symptoms (7.95%) and low birth weight (6.81%). A few studies reported other maternal comorbidities that can influence these outcomes. Mothers with other comorbidities may be at higher risk of infection. Mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appears unlikely, with no study observing intrauterine transmission, and a few cases of neonatal infection reported a few hours after birth. Although the WHO and other health authorities have published interim recommendations for care and management of pregnant women and infants during COVID-19 pandemic, many questions remain open. Pregnant women should be considered in prevention and control efforts, including the development of drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Further research is needed to confirm the exact impact of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. To fully quantify this impact, we urgently need to integrate the current knowledge about viral characteristics, epidemiology, disease immunopathology, and potential therapeutic strategies with data from the clinical practice.

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ESCHERIСHIA COLI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH PURULENT PERITONITIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
O. V. Kotsar ◽  
O. V. Kochnieva
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Purulent Peritonitis ◽  
And Control

Escherichia coli remains one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans. Surgery on the abdominal cavity is usually complicated by peritonitis caused by E. coli strains. Recently, there are data confirming the high degree of resistance of this strain. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains is increasing worldwide principally due to the spread of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli also occurs in Ukraine. Therefore, the spread of resistance E. coli is an increasing public health concern in our country. This paper summarizes the antibiotic resistance of clinical E. coli strains, isolated from patients with peritonitis. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions and strategies to prevent and control infections are presented and discussed. The article also provides an overview of the current knowledge concerning promising alternative therapies against E. coli diseases.

Application of Innovative Hydroxyapatite Materials in 3D Printing for Biocompatible Voice Implants

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-842
Author(s):  
Wojciech Musialik ◽  
Marcin Nabialek ◽  
Slawomir Letkiewicz ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu ◽  
Katarzyna Bloch
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Bone Implants ◽  
External Ring ◽  
Voice Prostheses ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Silver Composite

The paper presents the possibility of using an innovative hydroxyapatite filament Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 for printing in 3D printers of bone implants and the possibility of using it during implantation with voice prostheses. The introduction of an additional colloidal silver composite in voice implants will contribute to the reduction of bacterial infections, fungal infections and granulomatous hyperplasia. The creation of a stable external ring of the vocal fistula will remove complications associated with it with enlargement of the fistula and leakiness of voice implants. The ability to print with a hydroxyapatite filament will allow digital pre-surgery modeling of bone implants suited to the needs of surgical procedures.

Heterocycle Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fesatidou ◽  
Anthi Petrou ◽  
Geronikaki Athina
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms

Background: Bacterial infections are a growing problem worldwide causing morbidity and mortality mainly in developing countries. Moreover, the increased number of microorganisms, developing multiple resistances to known drugs, due to abuse of antibiotics, is another serious problem. This problem becomes more serious for immunocompromised patients and those who are often disposed to opportunistic fungal infections. Objective: The objective of this manuscript is to give an overview of new findings in the field of antimicrobial agents among five-membered heterocyclic compounds. These heterocyclic compounds especially five-membered attracted the interest of the scientific community not only for their occurrence in nature but also due to their wide range of biological activities. Method: To reach our goal, a literature survey that covers the last decade was performed. Results: As a result, recent data on the biological activity of thiazole, thiazolidinone, benzothiazole and thiadiazole derivatives are mentioned. Conclusion: It should be mentioned that despite the progress in the development of new antimicrobial agents, there is still room for new findings. Thus, research still continues.

scholarly journals Community-acquired and hospital-acquired respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine K. Søgaard ◽  
Veronika Baettig ◽  
Michael Osthoff ◽  
Stephan Marsch ◽  
Karoline Leuzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Objectives SARS-CoV-2 may cause acute lung injury, and secondary infections are thus relevant complications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. However, detailed information on community- and hospital-acquired infections among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is scarce. Methods We identified 220 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients hospitalized at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (between 25 February and 31 May 2020). We excluded patients who declined the general consent (n = 12), patients without clinical evidence of pneumonia (n = 29), and patients hospitalized for < 24 h (n = 17). We evaluated the frequency of community- and hospital-acquired infections using respiratory and blood culture materials with antigen, culture-based, and molecular diagnostics. For ICU patients, all clinical and microbial findings were re-evaluated interdisciplinary (intensive care, infectious disease, and clinical microbiology), and agreement reached to classify patients with infections. Results In the final cohort of 162 hospitalized patients (median age 64.4 years (IQR, 50.4–74.2); 61.1% male), 41 (25.3%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, 34/41 (82.9%) required mechanical ventilation, and 17 (10.5%) of all hospitalized patients died. In total, 31 infections were diagnosed including five viral co-infections, 24 bacterial infections, and three fungal infections (ventilator-associated pneumonia, n = 5; tracheobronchitis, n = 13; pneumonia, n = 1; and bloodstream infection, n = 6). Median time to respiratory tract infection was 12.5 days (IQR, 8–18) and time to bloodstream infection 14 days (IQR, 6–30). Hospital-acquired bacterial and fungal infections were more frequent among ICU patients than other patients (36.6% vs. 1.7%). Antibiotic or antifungal treatment was administered in 71 (43.8%) patients. Conclusions Community-acquired viral and bacterial infections were rare among COVID-19 pneumonia patients. By contrast, hospital-acquired bacterial or fungal infections were frequently complicating the course among ICU patients.

scholarly journals Bittersweet: infective complications of drug-induced glycosuria in patients with diabetes mellitus on SGLT2-inhibitors: two case reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Bartolo ◽  
Victoria Hall ◽  
N. Deborah Friedman ◽  
Chloe Lanyon ◽  
Andrew Fuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitor ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽  
Urogenital Tract ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
First Case ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel hypoglycemic agents which reduce reabsorption of glucose at the renal proximal tubule, resulting in significant glycosuria and increased risk of genital mycotic infections (GMI). These infections are typically not severe as reported in large systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the medications. These reviews have also demonstrated significant cardiovascular benefits through other mechanisms of action, making them attractive options for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We present two cases with underlying abnormalities of the urogenital tract in which the GMI were complicated and necessitated cessation of the SGLT2 inhibitor. Case presentations Both cases are patients with T2DM on empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor. The first case is a 64 year old man with Candida albicans balanitis and candidemia who was found to have an obstructing renal calculus and prostatic abscess requiring operative management. The second case describes a 72 year old man with Candida glabrata candidemia who was found to have prostatomegaly, balanitis xerotica obliterans with significant urethral stricture and bladder diverticulae. His treatment was more complex due to fluconazole resistance and concerns about urinary tract penetration of other antifungals. Both patients recovered following prolonged courses of antifungal therapy and in both cases the SGLT2 inhibitor was ceased. Conclusions Despite their cardiovascular benefits, SGLT2 inhibitors can be associated with complicated fungal infections including candidemia and patients with anatomical abnormalities of the urogenital tract may be more susceptible to these infections as demonstrated in these cases. Clinicians should be aware of their mechanism of action and associated risk of infection and prior to prescription, assessment of urogenital anatomical abnormalities should be performed to identify patients who may be at risk of complicated infection.

scholarly journals Emerging Fungi and Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: Current Knowledge and New Developments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Birgit Willinger
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Emerging Fungi

I would like to thank all the authors contributing to this Special Issue [...]

Not just vegetations: focal myocardial changes in patients with fungal infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Cresalia ◽  
Sonal T. Owens ◽  
Terri L. Stillwell ◽  
Mark D. Norris ◽  
Sunkyung Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Fungal Endocarditis ◽  
Catheter Tip

Abstract Background: Fungal endocarditis classically involves dense heterogenous vegetations. However, several patients with fungal infections were noted to have myocardial changes ranging from focal brightening to nodular thickening of chordae or papillary muscles. This study evaluates whether these findings are associated with fungal infections. Methods: In a retrospective case–control study, paediatric inpatients with fungal infections (positive blood, urine, or catheter tip culture) in a 5-year period were matched 1:1 to inpatients without positive fungal cultures. Echocardiograms were scored on a 5-point scale by two independent readers for presence of myocardial brightenings, nodular thickenings, and vegetations. Clinical data were compared. Results: Of 67 fungal cases, positive culture sites included blood (n = 44), vascular catheter tip (n = 7), and urine (n = 29); several had multiple positive sites. “Positive” echo findings (score ≥ 2+) were more frequent in the Fungal Group (33 versus 18%, p = 0.04). Fungal Group patients with “positive” versus “negative” echo findings had similar proportion of bacterial infections. Among fungal cases, those with “positive” echo findings had longer hospital length of stay than cases with “negative” echos (median 58 versus 40 days, p = 0.03) but no difference in intensive care unit admission, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support, or mortality. Conclusions: Myocardial and papillary muscle brightening with nodular thickening on echocardiogram appear to be associated with fungal infections. There may be prognostic implications of these findings as patients with “positive” echo have longer length of stay. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism and temporal progression of these changes and determine the prognostic value of this scoring system.

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