Elliot D. Cohen on the Metaphysics of Logic-Based Therapy

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Samuel Zinaich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Important Basis ◽  
Metaphysics Of Logic

In this essay I consider the question of whether Elliot D. Cohen has justified sufficiently the metaphysical basis for his Logic-Based Therapy as presented in his paper on “The Metaphysics of Logic-Based Therapy (IJPP, this issue). Although Cohen discusses four different foundations of his cognitive theory, I focus only on one. It is the most important basis of his theory, viz., that human beings logically deduce the cognitive-behavior com­ponents of their emotions from premises. First, I question Cohen’s analysis of the emotion rules we use to deduce evaluations of actions from. Second, I challenge Cohen’s view that we deduce our evaluations from emotion rules. Although I do not think my challenges completely undermine Cohen’s theory, they do raise serious concerns for a theory faced with a preponderance of causal therapies.

A comparative study of idioms on drunkenness in Chinese and Spanish

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112
Author(s):  
Chunyi Lei ◽  
Pamies Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Part Plant

Abstract This study, based on the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor and Conventional Figurative Language Theory, presents a cross-linguistic comparison of the idioms on drunkenness in Chinese and Spanish, applying the analytical method with three hierarchical levels (iconic models > archi-metaphors > particular metaphors). The findings show that, on the one hand, though linguistically and culturally very distant, these two languages share some iconic models (i.e. animal, movement, body part, plant and aggression) in their idioms on inebriation; on the other hand, they also have their own ways in expressing drunkenness, due to their particular cultural backgrounds, i.e. religions, superstitions, history, ethnic prejudices, legends, etc. The present investigation also proves the universality of the cognitive thinking model of human beings as well as the cognitive specialization in different cultures, giving an insight into idiom comprehension and intercultural communication.

A Cognitive Theory and Therapy for Chronic Insomnia

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Chronic Insomnia ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Psychological Treatments ◽  
Cognitive Arousal

The aim of this article is to review progress toward developing a cognitive theory of and therapy for chronic insomnia. The article will begin with a brief overview of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), the current treatment of choice, which devotes approximately one session to cognitive therapy. On the basis of (a) the conclusion from a recent review of psychological treatments for insomnia that cognitive therapy has received insufficient attention and evaluation and (b) the evidence that cognitive therapy for a range of other psychological disorders has improved treatment outcome, the remainder of the article describes another approach to the treatment of insomnia: cognitive therapy for insomnia (CT-I). This treatment is derived from a cognitive model that specifies five processes that function to maintain insomnia: worry (also known as cognitive arousal), selective attention and monitoring, distorted misperception of sleep and daytime deficits, unhelpful beliefs about sleep, and counterproductive safety behaviors. The aim of the treatment is to reverse all five maintaining processes during both the dayandthe night.

scholarly journals Play in Predictive Minds: A Cognitive Theory of Play

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Malmdorf Andersen ◽  
Andreas Roepstorff
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Computational Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Relative Complexity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Sweet Spots

Play occurs universally in human beings, and it has been a subject of considerable academic scrutiny for over 100 years. In this article, we propose a cognitive theory of play building on recent advances in cognitive and computational neuroscience that portray the human brain as an advanced prediction machine. Central to the theory is the idea that when an agent is free from the demands of certain competing cognitive systems, it may deliberately seek out and create surprising situations that gravitate towards sweet-spots of relative complexity. We argue that this framework can explain why humans play and why playing is so fun and rewarding.

scholarly journals An Economic Multipoint Gravitational Model Expression Of A Transactional Analysis Game: An Application To Recreational Private Land Use Decisions

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Rutherford Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Transactional Analysis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Land Use Decisions ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Gravitational Model

The outcome of interactions between various economic actors has a decided subconscious component. Transactional analysis (TA), which was developed in the late 1950s, provides a cognitive theory about the way that human beings interact with each other on a subconscious level that can be applied to investigation of economic decision making. TA, founded by physician Eric Berne, explains a number of potential human interactions, or social transactions, by framing them as subconscious games. Individual economic actors in markets interact with each other. Those interactions may be influenced at least somewhat by subconscious cognitive processes and TA games. Additionally, because individuals gain experience through each interaction, there may reasonably be expected to exist an historical component in which the subconscious response of economic actors to others in the market and to the subconscious games of others in the market may change over time based on their experiences in prior games. As an extension, an individual’s subconscious response to other economic actors may in part be based on the influence of information, either conveyed through games or via other sources. This study investigates decision strategy in the context of marketplace interaction in which outcomes are influenced by subconscious social transaction games played between individuals. The decision by land owners of whether or not to open private land to outside parties for recreational use is considered as an example. Because interaction necessarily involves some form of influence, the interaction and decision strategy are modeled mathematically by an economic multipoint gravitational model in which each actor both influences all other actors and is influenced by them. 

scholarly journals GUIDING ASPECTS OF ISLAMIC EXISTENTIAL-COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY FOR EXISTENTIAL DEPRESSION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Nur Afifah Abas ◽  
Mohd Nizam Sahad
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Existential Psychotherapy ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour

The CoVid-19 pandemic had again activated the neuronal circuit on our existential crisis as human beings asking basic existential questions: Where were we from, who are we, why are we here, how we supposedly should live here and where are we going? - Instinctively it appears evidently in the soul while facing threats that may lead to death like the pandemic exposes us to. This study critically explores and analyses through content analysis method on available published ‘Islamic’ documents, which are purposively sampled based on relevancy to the existence. We shared what we found related to existential psychotherapy using cognitive behavior therapy for depressed Muslim clients in supporting the current call for integrating Islamic teachings and practice. Mainly, being intersubjective is very crucial for therapists’ competency because Muslim clients are from diverse Islamic backgrounds.

scholarly journals MAJOR PERSONALITY TRAITS INFLUENCING ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE: A CASE OF URBAN LEARNING ECOLOGIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga Adedayo Ige ◽  
Loyiso C. Jita ◽  
Thuthukile Jita
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Learning Spaces ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory

The grim actualities of modern societies have shifted the attention of human beings from civil wars and beggary to environmental issues such as pollution and climate change. The subtle shifts in environmental balance that are observable from global warming, water scarcity, and poor harvest resulting from erratic rainfall distributions across different countries of the world has led to global campaigns in order to promote positive environment behavioural change. Several change agents have advocated the use of mitigation practices such as using emerging western and indigenous technologies and renewable energies, they have overlooked the major personality traits that will implement the proposed changes. Hence, this research explores the influence of major personality traits on students' environmental knowledge in urban learning spaces. The social cognitive theory was used to untangle the conforming and non-conforming environmental behaviours of students in urban learning spaces. The research adopts a 'field-based' MO to gather data from four hundred and sixty-two students that were randomly selected from thirteen secondary schools in urban centres in Nigeria. Research instruments such as the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and Environmental Knowledge Test were adapted to collect data from the selected students. The quantitative data were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Results showed that there was a significant influence of the major personality factors on students' environmental knowledge (R= 0.297). The research recommends that teachers should include these major personality traits in the environmental education programme of their schools. Keywords: environmental education, environmental knowledge, field-based research, major personality traits, students, urban learning spaces.

scholarly journals Chinua Achebe’s Girls at War and other Stories: A Relevance-Theoretical Interpretation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Adaoma Igwedibia ◽  
Christian Anieke ◽  
Ezeaku Kelechi Virginia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Optimal Relevance ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ostensive Communication

Relevance Theory (RT), which is a theory that takes the Gricean approach to communication as a starting point of linguistic or literary analysis, is an influential theory in Pragmatics that was developed by D. Sperber and D. Wilson (1986, 1995). As a cognitive theory of meaning (which claims that semantic meaning is the result of linguistic decoding processes, whereas pragmatic meaning is the result of inferential processes constrained by one single principle, Principle of Relevance), its main assumption is that human beings are endowed with a biologically rooted ability to maximize the relevance of incoming stimuli. RT unifies the Gricean cooperative principle and his maxims into a single principle of relevance that motivates the hearer’s inferential strategy. Based on the classic code model of communication and Grice’s inferential model, RT holds that ‘every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance’. Literary texts which present us with a useful depth of written data that serve as repositions of language in use can be analyzed linguistically. This is because writers use language in a particular way in their works to reveal their concerns. A literary work, just like the spoken language, contains information that enables the reader or hearer to get the intended message. The use of language is therefore not mode specific. It can be in a text or can be spoken, and either mode can portray the practices, values and aspirations of a particular speech community. With the analysis of Achebe’s Girls at War and Other Stories in the frame of RT, this paper shows that literary text communication ‘communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance’. The deployment of the relevance theory in the interpretation of Achebe’s Girls at War and Other Stories will certainly yield new insights in the understanding of the language and literary elements of the works. Chinua Achebe is regarded as the father of African modern literature.His works are being read in many schools and universities. It is therefore important to open new doors of interpretation for a better understanding of these works.

Study on erythrocytes by SEM photogrammetry (SEMP) technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-725
Author(s):  
Tong Wensheng ◽  
Lu Lianhuang ◽  
Zhang Zhijun
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Blood Disease ◽  
Computation Technique ◽  
Important Basis

This is a combined study of two diffirent branches, photogrammetry and morphology of blood cells. The three dimensional quantitative analysis of erythrocytes using SEMP technique, electron computation technique and photogrammetry theory has made it possible to push the study of mophology of blood cells from LM, TEM, SEM to a higher stage, that of SEM P. A new path has been broken for deeply study of morphology of blood cells.In medical view, the abnormality of the quality and quantity of erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood—making function of the human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape on erythrocytes is the indispensable and important basis of reference in the clinical diagnosis and research of blood disease.The erythrocytes of one normal person, three PNH Patients and one AA patient were used in this experiment. This research determines the following items: Height;Length of two axes (long and short), ratio; Crevice in depth and width of cell membrane; Circumference of erythrocytes; Isoline map of erythrocytes; Section map of erythrocytes.

Rate of Absorption of Water from Stomach and Small Bowel of Human Beings

1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Scholer ◽  
Charles F. Code
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rate Of Absorption
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