scholarly journals Wie kann ein Bild frei sein? Wirken und Reflektieren in der Konstruktion des moralischen Bildes in der letzten Philosophie Fichtes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 160-170
Author(s):  
Max Marcuzzi ◽  

Fichte’s philosophy is known as a science of freedom since his first Wissenschaftslehre. But since the ego is interpreted as a mere picture in his late moral philosophy, we wonder how the passive image of a truly existing original (the Absolute) can be free. The answer suggested here is that the ego can be understood as a free being, if it is understood as being pure of every Non-I, as pure dynamic being, which cannot be bound to any substantial version of itself, and not even the form of the present.Seit seiner ersten Wissenschaftslehre ist Fichtes Philosophie bekanntlich eine Freiheitslehre. Sofern das Ich in seiner späten Moralphilosophie als einfaches Bild gedeutet wird, stellt sich jedoch die Frage, wie das passive Bild eines wirklich existierenden Originals (das Absolute) frei sein kann. Die Antwort, die hier vorgeschlagen wird, ist, dass das Ich als frei verstanden werden kann, wenn es als rein von jedem Nicht-Ich gedacht wird, als dynamisches Wesen, das an keine Bestimmung seiner selbst gebunden sein darf, auch nicht an die Form der Gegenwart.

Author(s):  
Sven Arntzen

Dignity, according to one conception, is the absolute, inherent and inalienable value of every person. There is general agreement that this idea of dignity has a source in Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy. I argue that Kant formulates what I characterize as an agency or agent based conception of dignity. Persons are bearers of dignity in their capacity as moral subjects and subjects of action. Central here is the idea that a rational agent is the subject of “any end whatsoever” and so must be considered the free cause of actions. Accordingly, to be treated merely as a thing, or “as a means”, is to be treated in a manner incompatible with having and acting for the sake of any end of one’s choosing. Also relevant in this connection is Alan Gewirth’s agency based theories of dignity and of human rights. I then consider this conception of dignity in addressing three ethical issues: to let die or keep alive, assisted suicide, and so-called dwarf-tossing. Finally, I consider challenges to the idea of dignity in general and the agency based conception of dignity in particular.


2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 789-796
Author(s):  
William Jefferies

Clear Bright Future is Paul Mason’s radical defence of humanity from Trumpist populism and de-globalisation, neo-liberalism, the threat of machine learning and, notwithstanding the book’s title (lifted from Trotsky’s Testament), Marxism, which, he considers, needs a ‘kicking’. Mason redefines Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach so that the point of change is to understand the world, or more precisely, for him to understand the world. According to Mason, the declassed, amorphous but nonetheless conscious, yet unconscious, networked individual, who is far more complex, and so essential, than traditional classes, although not a traditional class, and so subjective and not objective, and so not essential, will adopt communism, even though it has not, and implement a new world order, somehow. Mainly it would appear by arguing that machines do not have feelings, but also by rehabilitating the absolute moral philosophy of Thomas Malthus, amongst other things.


SATS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Noller

Abstract Kant’s moral philosophy is challenged by the so-called “Socratic Paradox”: If free will and pure practical reason are to be identified, as Kant argues, then there seems to be no room for immoral actions that are to be imputed to our individual freedom. The paper argues that Kant’s conception of rationalizing (“Vernünfteln”) helps us to avoid the Socratic Paradox, and to understand how immoral actions can be imputed to our individual freedom and responsibility. In rationalizing, we misuse our capacity of reason in order to construct the illusion according to which we are not bound to the absolute demand of the moral law, but rather subject to exceptions and excuses. Finally, the paper interprets the three rules of “common sense” (sensus communis) in Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment in terms of an antidote to rationalizing.


2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 133-149
Author(s):  
Francesca Fantasia ◽  

This article shows how the correlation between duty and freedom in the moral philosophy of Fichte can be seen as an image constellation. From the perspective of the real being, the act of the absolute opening of reflexivity in the conditional is an object of an ethical duty. Moral law regulates the transition from self-evidence of the absolute to its actual occurrence. Moral law is a logos: It forms people ontologically, and it regulates the process of ‘becoming image’ of the absolute. The genesis of reality, according to Fichte, occurs only through freedom, the theoretical-practical formational principle of the world. This law is the basis of ideals. As such, it is not the basis of the real. Through freedom – spontaneity and non-law – it produces itself, on the one hand, negatively in the real. As the basis of ideals, on the other hand, this law occurs as an ethical norm – non-freedom – and retains its difference to the real. Freedom, in contrast, is the basis and formational principle of reality. As such, it produces, for one, through the negative relationship to the law and forms the real. As genesis and spontaneity, freedom occurs always as non-law and, as such, retains its difference to ideals. In this double negation, the correlation between real and ideal being is simultaneously formed. Freedom remains the object of an absolute duty.Der Beitrag zeigt, wie der Zusammenhang zwischen Sollen und Freiheit in der Moralphilosophie Fichtes als Bildzusammenhang gesehen werden kann. Aus der Perspektive des realen Seins ist der Akt der unbedingten Öffnung der Reflexivität hin zum Bedingten Gegenstand eines ethischen Sollens. Das Moralgesetz regelt den Übergang von der Selbstdurchsichtigkeit des Absoluten zu seinem wirklichen Geschehen. Das Gesetz ist ein Logos: Es bildet ontologisch den Menschen und es regelt den Prozess der ‚Bild Werdung‘ des Absoluten. Die Genese der Realität vollzieht sich nach Fichte nur durch die Freiheit, als dem theoretisch-praktischen bildenden Prinzip der Welt. Das Gesetz ist die Grundlage des Idealen. Als solches ist es keine Grundlage des Realen: Durch die Freiheit – Spontaneitat und Nicht-Gesetz – stellt es sich einerseits, negativ, in dem Realen her. Als Grundlage des Idealen andererseits, tritt das Gesetz als ethische Norm – Nicht-Freiheit – auf, und behält seine Differenz zu dem Realen. Die Freiheit ist dagegen Grundlage und bildendes Prinzip der Wirklichkeit. Als solche stellt sie sich einerseits durch die negative Beziehung zu dem Gesetz her, und bildet das Reale. Als Ursprung und Spontaneität tritt die Freiheit andererseits immer als Nicht-Gesetz auf und behält als solche ihre Differenz zu dem Idealen. In dieser doppelten Negation stellt sich zugleich der Zusammenhang zwischen realem und idealem Sein her. So bleibt die Freiheit Gegenstand eines unbedingten Sollens.


Author(s):  
Salvador Cuenca Almenar

Resum: Presentem la traducció catalana del De contemplatione amicicie, escrit per l’humanista valenciàJoan Serra l’any 1454. La traducció parteix de l’edició curada per Evencio Beltran de l’únic manuscritconegut: BNF ms Nat. lat. 8756. La translació s’acompanya d’una introducció historicofilosòficaarticulada al voltant de l’analogia fonamental de l’obra, a saber, la concòrdia absoluta de dos amicsés com la unió perfecta del cos i de l’ànima humana. S’hi analitzen les fonts fonamentals: Cicerói Pseudo-Agustí, i s’hi constata l’organització dual dels continguts del text, en tant que dedica elscapítols senars a la consideració de la unió del cos i l’ànima segons la filosofia natural, mentre queels parells a la concòrdia absoluta dels amics virtuosos d’acord amb la filosofia moral.Paraules clau: Joan Serra, Ciceró, Pseudo-Agustí, Filosofia moral de l’amistat, Humanismevalencià.Abstract: We present the Catalan translation of De contemplatione amicicie, written by the Valencianhumanist Joan Serra in 1454. The translation is based on the only known manuscript (BNFms Nat. lat. 8756), edited by Evencio Beltran. The likelihood of the perfect union between bodyand soul and the complete accord between two friends is the basic analogy of the text and guidesthe composition of a historical and philosophical introduction that precedes the translation. Weanalyze its main sources, namely, Cicero and Pseudo-Augustine. Moreover, we reveal the dual organizationof the text, which devotes odd chapters to natural philosophy and to the union betweenbody and soul, while even chapters to ethics and to the absolute accord between virtuous friends.Keywords: JoanSerra, Cicero, Pseudo-Augustine, moral philosophy of friendship, Valencian humanism


Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.


Author(s):  
C. M. Payne ◽  
P. M. Tennican

In the normal peripheral circulation there exists a sub-population of lymphocytes which is ultrastructurally distinct. This lymphocyte is identified under the electron microscope by the presence of cytoplasmic microtubular-like inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) (Figure 1), and contains Fc-receptors for cytophilic antibody. In this study, lymphocytes containing PTA (PTA-lymphocytes) were quantitated from serial peripheral blood specimens obtained from two patients with Epstein -Barr Virus mononucleosis and two patients with cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. This data was then correlated with the clinical state of the patient.It was determined that both the percentage and absolute number of PTA- lymphocytes was highest during the acute phase of the illness. In follow-up specimens, three of the four patients' absolute lymphocyte count fell to within normal limits before the absolute PTA-lymphocyte count.In one patient who was followed for almost a year, the absolute PTA- lymphocyte count was consistently elevated (Figure 2). The estimation of absolute PTA-lymphocyte counts was determined to be valid after a morphometric analysis of the cellular areas occupied by PTA during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease revealed no statistical differences.


Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.


2005 ◽  
Vol 173 (4S) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Mariana Lima ◽  
Celso D. Ramos ◽  
Sérgio Q. Brunetto ◽  
Marcelo Lopes de Lima ◽  
Carla R.M. Sansana ◽  
...  

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