The Elimination of Carnap’s Critical Arguments Against Metaphysics Through Formal Semantic Analysis of Natural Language

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-98
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Vostrikova ◽  
Petr S. Kusliy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
The One

The authors explore Carnap’s (1931) famous critique of Heidegger’s metaphysics and argue that, from the perspective of contemporary formal semantics of natural language, Carnap’s criticism is not convincing. Moreover, they provide direct empirical objections to Carnap’s criticism. In particular, using empirical evidence from languages like Russian that have negative concord, they show that Heidegger cannot be accused of assigning illegitimate logical forms to his sentences about Nothing because terms like “Nothing” can be used non-quantificationally and the fact that it is not clear how their reference is established cannot be the reason why the corresponding sentences are ungrammatical (as Carnap seemed to suggest). The authors also critically discuss the view that natural language is insensitive to meaninglessness or contradiction. With reference to the work of J. Gajewsky, they show that this view is not true either. As a result of this investigation, they arrive at a position that an appeal to ungrammaticality like the one proposed by Carnap does not provide legitimate evidence against metaphysics. This conclusion relates to some recent criticism of the so-called non-analytical philosophers that can be traced back to Carnap’s paper.

scholarly journals Revisiting obligatory relatives in German

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Andreas Blümel ◽  
Mingya Liu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
Compositional Semantic ◽  
The One

AbstractIn the literature on relative clauses (e. g. Alexiadou et al.2000: 4), it is occasionally observed that the German complex definite determiner d-jenige (roughly ‘the one’) must share company with a restrictive relative clause, in contrast to bare determiners der/die/das (Roehrs2006: 213–215; Gunkel2006; Gunkel2007). Previous works such as Sternefeld (2008: 378–379) and Blümel (2011) treat the relative clause as a complement of D to account for its mandatory occurrence. While such syntactic analyses have intuitive appeal, they pose problems for a compositional semantic analysis.The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we report on two rating studies providing empirical evidence for the obligatoriness of relative clauses in German DPs introduced by the complex determiner d-jenige. Secondly, following Simonenko (2014, 2015), we provide an analysis of the phenomenon at the syntax-semantics interface that captures familiar (Blümel2011) as well as novel related observations. Particularly, the analysis accounts for the facts that postnominal modifiers can figure in d-jenige-DPs and that the element can have anaphoric demonstrative pronominal uses.

scholarly journals Some Means of Processing Electronic Text Documents

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Oleksandr O. Letychevskyi ◽  
◽  
Maryna K. Morokhovets ◽  
Natalia M. Shchogoleva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Text Documents ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Considerable Length ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
The One

Introduction. Digitization of legislation is an important area today, which is identified by the government as a priority. Creating digital legal documents and verifying them for compliance with the law is a necessary task in all areas of jurisprudence. This sets the task of automatic formalizing a legal document created as an arbitrary text in natural language. Purpose. Preparing a document for storage in digital format for further processing may require prior work with an original text. When using automatic means of linguistic analysis of the texts submitted in natural language, in particular, legal, which processes the text in sentences (working up the text sequentially sentence by sentence), problems of local and global nature arise. The problem of local nature is created, in particular, by the presence in the text of the sentences, which due to their considerable length are difficult to process (with the help of one or another tool of text analysis). The problem of a global nature arises when the semantic connection between the components of different sentences should be taken into account during the automatic processing of the text. The purpose of this work is to develop means for overcoming these problems. Results. A model for structuring long sentences containing enumerations as well as a method for eliminating the synonymy of object names referred to in the text, which is intended for automatic analysis, has been developed. Conclusion. Marking up sentences containing enumerations is useful, especially when the text is intended for analysis using a procedure that processes the text sentence by sentence. Structuring a sentence with an enumeration enables, on the one hand, to prepare the sentence for processing in parts, and on the other hand, not to lose the integrity of the sentence when processing in parts. In the method of eliminating the synonymy of names proposed in this paper, both the step of identifying the names of objects and the step of revealing the identity of names requires semantic analysis. To control the correctness of these steps, Oracle was introduced to improve the reliability of the result.

Modality and Mood in Formal Semantics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kaufmann ◽  
Stefan Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Verbal Mood ◽  
Modal Subordination

This chapter presents a survey of the most important features of the formal semantic analysis of modality and mood. It first focuses on modality as exemplified by the modal verbs, presenting the main concepts and introducing the most common basic formal apparatus used in its analysis, and surveying some of the issues that are currently central in the field. The chapter then turns to the treatment of mood, discussing formal semantic treatments of both “sentential mood” and “verbal mood”. The last part of the chapter addresses the issue of modal subordination. The chapter aims to give a sense of the major phenomena and theoretical approaches, as well as introduce the primary literature.

scholarly journals The geometry vs. the algebra of meaning

Jezikoslovlje ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Joško Žanić
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Geometric Approach ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Concept Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Decomposition ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Semantic Internalism

In this paper Gärdenfors’s geometric approach to meaning in natural language is compared to Jackendoff's algebraic one, and this is done against the backdrop of formal semantics. Ultimately, the paper tries to show that Jackendoff's framework is to be preferred to all others. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, the common theoretical commitments of Gärdenfors and Jackendoff are outlined, and it is attempted to argue briefly that they are on the right track. In Section 3, the basics of the two frameworks to be compared are laid out, and it is assessed how they deal with some central issues in semantic theory, namely reference and truth, lexical decomposition, and compositionality. In Section 4, we get into the nitty-gritty of how Gärdenfors and Jackendoff actually proceed in semantic analysis, using an example of a noun and a verb (embedded in a sentence). In Section 5, the merits of Gärdenfors's empiricism when it comes to word learning and concept acquisition are assessed and compared to the moderate nativism of Jackendoff, and it is argued that Jackendoff's nativism is to be preferred. In the sixth section, the semantic internalism common to both frameworks is commented on.

Knowledge Based Expert Systems for CAD/CAM Experience of an EDM Application

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kiritsis ◽  
Michel Porchet ◽  
L. Boutzev ◽  
I. Zic ◽  
P. Sourdin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
System Development ◽  
Constraint Propagation ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Natural Language Programming ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
The One ◽  
Rule System ◽  
Cam Systems

Abstract In this paper we present our experience from the use of two different expert system development environments to Wire-EDM CAD/CAM knowledge based application. The two systems used follow two different AI approaches: the one is based on the constraint propagation theory and provides a natural language oriented programming environment, while the other is a production rule system with backward-forward chaining mechanisms and a conventional-like programming style. Our experience showed that the natural language programming style offers an easier and more productive environment for knowledge based CAD/CAM systems development.

scholarly journals The Role of HRM Policy on Academic Innovativeness Case of Business School on Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Wided Ragmoun ◽  
Abdullah Alwehabie
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Business School ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
The One ◽  
Variance Explained

This study aims to understand the role of HRM on academic innovativeness. We will try to identify the adequate policy of HRM for the development of academic innovativeness.The most important is the way in which HRM will be treated as a composite construct of many practices, working in synergistic way, to generate a capacity of innovation or innovativeness according to our definition presented here.Our interest is oriented to the academic field due to importance of its role on social development. And our interest is oriented to the ability to innovate rather than innovation which still difficult to identify and measure. Academic innovativeness here is represented by five dimensions: behavior, product, process, market and strategic innovativeness.The analyze of the variance explained for our variables, provides empirical evidence that the academic innovativeness depends in majority on behavioral dimension and process. The HRM policy in this case is a distinct construction which depends on training and promotion. Added to this, some relations here must be revisited specially the link between behavior dimension of academic innovativeness and the policy of HRM as a construct.At the end of this research, we propose what we have called `the one best way` of academic innovativeness. Our theory model can be considered as user`s guide for academics to innovate based on HRM policy. 

Entrepreneurship in the digital press: a semantic analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-431
Author(s):  
Myriam Martí-Sánchez ◽  
Desamparados Cervantes-Zacarés ◽  
Arturo Ortigosa-Blanch
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Way

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the media addresses entrepreneurship and to identify the attributes linked to this phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach The sample is defined in terms of a linguistic corpus comprised of content related to entrepreneurship drawn from the digital editions of the three most important Spanish economic newspapers for the period 2010–2017. Word association and co-occurrence analyses were carried out. Further, a non-supervised clustering process was used as the basis for a thematic analysis. Findings Correspondence between social and media patterns related to the entrepreneurship phenomenon is revealed by the results. It is shown how attributes such as “success”, “innovation”, “ecosystem” and “woman” appear as very relevant and are linked to different co-occurrence scenarios. Relevant thematic groups are also identified related to lexical associations such as innovation, digital economy and public policies linked to entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications It is important to emphasise that this study has identified and explored relationships between words, but not their evolution. Furthermore, conclusions cannot be drawn concerning whether there are differences in how each newspaper has dealt with entrepreneurship because of the way the corpus was constructed. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence that helps to identify the way media approaches entrepreneurship. The authors carried out the analysis on the media contents and not on the perception of the public on the phenomenon.

scholarly journals Differences in Entrepreneurial Skills of College Students in the Mexican Intercultural Context

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Marco Alberto Nunez Ramirez ◽  
Teodoro Rafael Wendlandt Amezaga ◽  
Maria Trinidad Alvarez Medina ◽  
Jorge Ortega Arreola
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Students ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Indigenous Students ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
The One

The purpose of this study is to describe the development of entrepreneurial skills of college students in the intercultural context of Mexico. By a non-probability sampling method, a sample of 120 students from an intercultural institution of higher education in the Southeastern Mexico was selected, from which two groups (<em>Indigenous</em> and <em>Mestizos</em>) were obtained to perform the corresponding statistical analyses. The first group was integrated by indigenous students (<em>n </em>= 55) and the second group by mestizos (<em>n </em>= 65). For data analysis, the Student <em>t </em>test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The results showed no significant differences in the entrepreneurial skills between both groups. However, significant differences were obtained when considering the educational programs offered by the intercultural institution, where the program in sustainable rural development was the one that obtained a higher level regarding the development of entrepreneurial skills. This research contributes with empirical evidence to the knowledge on interculturality in this country.

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