Historization of Scientific Observation in Modern Scientific Researches

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Angelina V. Baeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Scientific Observation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This article is devoted to historization of scientific practices as one of the central points in problem field of modern science studies. The subject of our article is scientific observation as one of the epistemic practices. Historization of scientific observation in modern scientific studies is possible, because of material practices and social relations begin to problematize in the scientific field. Science is no longer characterized only by a propositional order of representations. It is an assemblage of connections and relations between different agents and network of things, people and practices. This network is complexly arranged and branched, but in the same time it is coordinated in a certain optics and it is producing the visual closure to constructed object. This new optics, that makes visible the material and routine practices, puts in a new way the task to understand, how to work with heterogeneous and historically changeable field of practices and different “ways to do science”. There is a rethinking of the self-evident epistemic categories and particularly scientific observation. As an epistemic genre and scientific practice observation begins to take shape relatively late – only in the XVII century, when there is a complication and multiplication of practices of production of the visual images, that are making concrete from abstract and visible from invisible. To historicize scientific observation is to show how it has become a self-evident epistemic category and an integral scientific function. Scientific observation can be historicized as a set of practices that emerged and spread throughout a particular historical period, on the one hand, as practices of production, coordination, presentation and description of observational data. And on the other hand, it can be historicized as practices of production of “scientific self” as instances of observation. This article attempts to show that observation as a practice and as historically varied object of science is characterized, on the one hand, by the production of “that is visible” and, on the other hand, by “scientific self”.

New Forms of Colonialism in Africa

1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
The One

The colonial system is a system of social relations based on the political and economic domination of backward peoples by imperialist powers, in a world divided territorially and economically. The colonial régime is a monopoly exercised by the bourgeoisie of an imperialist country, based on economic and extra-economic pressure in a dependent country. This imperialist monopoly has two basic functions: on the one hand, it exploits the colonies; on the other hand, it maintains and develops the political enslavement necessary for its own existence.

“To engraft ourselves on foreign stocks”: Byron’s Poetics of Acculturation

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Schoina
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Mary Shelley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Culture Acquisition

Abstract Considering the largely unacknowledged connection between Byron and Mary Shelley on the logistics which pertain to the experience of crossing-over cultures, this paper investigates the notion of authentic Italianisation as exemplified in their related texts, and discusses its problematics in the context of the dominant themes and preoccupations in Romantic culture. Thus, on the one hand, my paper examines how the Romantic anticipation of being immersed in local culture and of “going native” is articulated – or rather, performed – by Byron himself, by considering specific rhetorical strategies and figures of filiation he used to ground his relationship to Italian place. More specifically, I contend that although Byron’s polymorphic identification to Italian place is constructed in the imagination, it is also grounded in time- and space-bound actions and involves a structure of social relations. On the other hand, the paper delineates how Byron’s idiosyncratic immersion into Italianness is theorised by Mary Shelley and counted on as a model of second culture acquisition.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS AND SYNCRETIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE MENTALITY OF RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LITERARY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC PROSE BY N.A. BAIKOV AND P.V. SHKURKIN)

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
EVGENIYA A. KONTALEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The One ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
Literary Ethnography

The article reveals the phenomenon of frontier mentality and its syncretic features and marginal character. Being the birth of the border (frontier), this type of mentality is a complex construct, a specific ideological and psychological formation, the problems of which, on the one hand, are determined by social, geographical, historical and other factors, and on the other hand, are exposed to the external environment and embedded in various spheres of human existence. Among Russian emigrants who were carriers of the Russian logocentric culture, creativity becomes one of the main such spheres, especially literary one. Through the word, not only individual personality features of the authors were recorded, but also common tendencies of frontier mentality and the mentality of this historical period. The author, using the example of literary ethnography, makes an attempt to distinguish these features and the main trends in the mentality of Russian emigrants in China.

scholarly journals Probabilistic kingdom: problem of objectivity in contemporary science

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327
Author(s):  
Paweł Pruski
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Objective Probability ◽  
Degrees Of Belief ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Objective Interpretation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One

In modern science, the theory of probability is one of the basic tools. Scientists using probability often refer to its objective interpretation. They emphasize that their probabilistic hypotheses concern objective facts, not degrees of belief. Accordingly, the following questions arise: What is the meaning of this type of probabilistic hypothesis? Is the assumption of objectivity necessary? The paper addresses these questions by analyzing objective probability in the context of the scientific debate on determinism. Two types of arguments will be presented. On the one hand, there is the assertion that objective probability can exist only in an indeterministic world. Then, on the other hand — I analyze the assertions of those who believe in the co‑existence of objective probability and determinism. As a result I show that the acceptance of deterministic and indeterministic fields as possible areas where objective probability can occur is extremely problematic. Depending on the chosen area we encounter different types of problems. Therefore, I show that a significant number of these problems are associated with the acceptance of incorrect metaphysical assumptions. And finally, I postulate that the objectivity of probability (and assumptions pertaining to it) can be reduced (without any losses) to the epistemic variant.

scholarly journals СВОЄ / ЧУЖЕ: ПРОБЛЕМА ОКРЕСЛЕННЯ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ В ПРОЗІ НАТАЛІ КОБРИНСЬКОЇ

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Ірина Борисюк
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Identity Studies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
The One

The relevance of the article stems from the demand for rethinking Natalia Kobrynska’s prose and therefore her position in the Ukrainian literary canon. On the one hand, Kobrynska’s artistic searches reflect the development path of fin de siècle Ukrainian literature (realistic and modernist writing). On the other hand, some issues and themes in Kobrynska`s prose are actually ahead of her time (conceptualizing the Other, identity construction through power discourses, interrelation of power and knowledge, Kobrynska`s writing ecological impulses and so on). The paper was written within the framework of identity studies; the key issue is the tension between a construction and a choice. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that Kobrynska’s characters’ identity is the result of their choices rather than their belonging to society. To conclude, Kobrynska has discovered the most appropriate ways of representation of society’s members at the time in which social relations collapse and emergence.

“Apply to Muslims What Was Said of the Jews:” Popes and Canonists Between a Taxonomy of Otherness andInfidelitas

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan K. Stantchev
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Specific Target ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
The One ◽  
Inherent Ambiguity

This article analyzes the targets of papal policies on Christians' relations with non-(Roman)Christians contained in canon law'sOn Jews, Saracens, and Their Servantsin a historical period that has attracted comparatively little attention: the mid-thirteenth to the late fifteenth century. It argues the inherent ambiguity of the normative discourse on “proper” relations with “infidels.” On the one hand, popes and canonists faithfully preserved a taxonomy of otherness inherited from the church's ancient past. On the other hand, they often reduced all difference to the pastoral distinction between flock and “infidels.” The conflation of non-Christians occurred in multiple ways: through the explicit extension of a specific policy's targets, overt canonistic discussion, the tacit application of the law to analogous situations, or its simplification for use in the confessional. As a result, a number of policies aimed originally at a specific target were applied to all non-Christians. In the course of the later Middle Ages, a whole group of policies meant to define Christians' proper relations with others became potentially applicable against all non-Christians. In the words of a widely, if regionally disseminated, penitential work, all that was said of the Jews applies to the Muslims and all that was said of heretics, applies to schismatics.

Religious Beliefs as World-View Beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Winfried Löffler
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
World View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Reasons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
German Contribution

In this paper, I defend a moderately cognitive account of religious beliefs. Religious beliefs are interpreted as “worldview beliefs”, which I explicate as being indispensable to our everyday and scientific practice; my reading is nonetheless distinct from non-cognitivist readings of “worldview belief” which occasionally appear in the literature. I start with a brief analysis of a recent German contribution to the debate which on the one hand (rightly) insists on the priority of epistemic reasons for or against religious beliefs, but on the other hand contends that religious beliefs are worldview beliefs (section 1). This leads me to explicate a special sense of worldview beliefs, as well as their cognitive role (2). After that, I shed some light on a special epistemological characteristic of worldview beliefs, namely the strong involvement of “free certitude” in their acceptance. I explore the implications for the possible role of arguments for worldview beliefs, especially for worldview beliefs concerning theism (3).

Crime Control in Japan: Exceptional, Convergent or What Else?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract Theories about crime control in Japan have largely been based around two opposing traditions. On the one hand, cultural explanations have emphasized the exceptional attributes of Japanese social relations that contribute towards shaming and re-integrative processes. On the other hand, more recent explanations assert that Japanese crime control is converging with other countries, particularly towards penal populism. Both approaches tend to reduce explanations to a monolithic characterization that disguises variegation within Japan. Through considering the governance of illegal drug use and the Kamagasaki area of Osaka, a ‘geo-historical’ perspective is advocated to better capture the complexity and contradictions of globalizing processes and social culture and their resulting manifestations in crime control within contemporary Japan.

scholarly journals Time at a Standstill

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Oyarzun R.
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Double Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Late Modernity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

From an experiential point of view, acceleration is a space-shrinking and a time-stressing phenomenon. Assuming that this phenomenon has reached a decisive pervasiveness in late modernity, so that it has become determinative of social relations in general, a question about its impact on the structure of experience and of the subject of experience bears a double signification: on the one hand, it concerns temporality, i.e., the structure of the experience of time, and, on the other hand, it concerns historicity, that is, the structure of the experience of historical time. I suppose that the development of this question requires examining the structure of the experience of the present, given that acceleration may be considered at first sight as an intensive experience of the present. But, then, an examination of the structure of the experience of the present is deeply rooted in the structure of the present itself. So, my argument relates three concepts: experience, present, and acceleration, the latter according to the double effect in which this phenomenon appears (space-shrinking and time-stressing).

scholarly journals Social and humanitarian knowledge and natural sciences: blurring boundaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
H.N. Knyazeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Narrative Methods ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Natural Science ◽  
The One

The classical separation of the methods of natural science and social-humanitarian knowl­edge ceases to be radical and unconditional in the modern science. On the one hand, histori­cal, descriptive and narrative methods and personalized approaches penetrate the modern natural science, and a humanitarian, ethical examination of the scientific researches. On the other hand, the social and humanitarian knowledge more and more widely uses, at least, as tools the methods of mathematization and digitalization. The growing popularity of all-pen­etrating interdisciplinary areas of research also becomes an indicator of erasing the rigid boundaries between the methods of natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge.

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