scholarly journals Melanoma Epidemiology and Early Detection in Europe: Diversity and Disparities

2020 ◽  
pp. e2020033
Author(s):  
Ana-Maria Forsea
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Melanoma Epidemiology

Melanoma claims annually more than 20,000 lives in Europe and is an important public health burden through its continuously increasing incidence and with its high mortality, costs, and complexity of care in advanced stages. Epidemiological surveillance is indispensable for the research into its causes, new prognostic markers, and innovative therapies, as well as for the building of efficient cancer control plans. However, important differences in the sources and availability of accurate epidemiological data exist among European countries and regions, contributing to a heterogeneous picture with 20-fold differences in the reported national melanoma incidence rates, divergent mortality trends, and solid disparities in survival across the Continent. Countries in the eastern half of Europe report the lowest incidence rates, but high case fatality, persisting and increasing mortality, a higher proportion of thicker tumors and late diagnosis, and lower survival rates. They are the least well equipped with quality cancer registration and reporting, and they lag behind in efficient cancer control plans implementation. This review highlights the main differences in melanoma epidemiology across Europe, together with an insight into their underlying causes in the areas of melanoma registration, early diagnosis, and prevention. These differences should be acknowledged and understood by physicians, researchers, and all stakeholders involved in improving melanoma care and outcomes, as no one-size-fits-all solution can tackle the melanoma problem in Europe. Instead, there is a need for nuanced strategies, adapted to the heterogeneous national and regional contexts, that would build on European diversity to eliminate the outcome disparities.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Trends of Sepsis in Young Adults Aged 20–44 Years: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Carmen Bouza ◽  
Teresa López-Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Crude Incidence ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Primary Endpoints

Background: While sepsis may have especially marked impacts in young adults, there is limited population-based information on its epidemiology and trends. Methods: Population-based longitudinal study on sepsis in adults aged 20–44 years using the 2006–2015 Spanish national hospital discharge database. Cases are identified by an ICD-9-CM coding strategy. Primary endpoints are incidence and in-hospital mortality. Trends are assessed for annual percentage change (AAPC) in rates using Joinpoint regression models. Results: 28,351 cases are identified, representing 3.06‰ of all-cause hospitalisations and a crude incidence of 16.4 cases/100,000 population aged 20–44. The mean age is 36 years, 58% of cases are men, and around 60% have associated comorbidities. Seen in one third of cases, the source of infection is respiratory. Single organ dysfunction is recorded in 45% of cases. In-hospital mortality is 24% and associated with age, comorbidity and extent of organ dysfunction. Incidence rates increase over time in women (AAPC: 3.8% (95% CI: 2.1, 5.5)), whereas case-fatality decline with an overall AAPC of −5.9% (95% CI −6.6, −5.2). Our results indicate that sepsis is common in young adults and associated with high in-hospital mortality, though it shows a decreasing trend. The substantial increase in incidence rates in women needs further research.

scholarly journals Current and Future Burden of Prostate Cancer in Songkhla, Thailand: Analysis of Incidence and Mortality Trends From 1990 to 2030

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian S. Alvarez ◽  
Shama Virani ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
Laura S. Rozek ◽  
Hutcha Sriplung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Using Data

Purpose Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide, and it poses a significant public health burden that has traditionally been limited mostly to developed countries. However, the burden of the disease is expected to increase, affecting developing countries, including Thailand. We undertook an analysis to investigate current and future trends of prostate cancer in the province of Songkhla, Thailand, using data from the Songkhla Cancer Registry from 1990 to 2013. Methods Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer and provide estimated annual percent change (EAPC) with 95% CIs. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to assess the effect of age, calendar year, and birth cohort on incidence and mortality rates. Three different methods (Joinpoint, Nordpred, and APC) were used to project trends from 2013 to 2030. Results Eight hundred fifty-five cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed from 1990 to 2013 in Songkhla, Thailand. The incidence rates of prostate cancer significantly increased since 1990 at an EAPC of 4.8% (95% CI, 3.6% to 5.9%). Similarly, mortality rates increased at an EAPC of 5.3% (95% CI, 3.4% to 7.2%). The APC models suggest that birth cohort is the most important factor driving the increased incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer. Future incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are projected to continue to increase, doubling the rates observed in 2013 by 2030. Conclusion It is critical to allocate resources to provide care for the men who will be affected by this increase in prostate cancer incidence in Songkhla, Thailand, and to design context-appropriate interventions to prevent its increasing burden.

Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Izumo City, Japan: Incidence Rates and Outcome in Relation to the Site of Hemorrhage

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Inagawa ◽  
Naohiko Ohbayashi ◽  
Akihiko Takechi ◽  
Masaaki Shibukawa ◽  
Kaita Yahara
Keyword(s):  
Glasgow Coma Scale ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Coma Scale ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Adjusted Incidence ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract OBJECTIVE The aim of this community-based study was to investigate the incidence rates and outcome of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in relation to the site of hemorrhage. METHODS The subjects were 350 patients with primary first-ever ICH who were treated during the 8-year period 1991 to 1998 in Izumo City, Japan. RESULTS The crude and age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for all types of ICH were 52 and 47 per 100,000 population, respectively, for all ages. The most common site of ICH was the putamen (120 patients, 34%), followed by the thalamus (115, 33%), lobar areas (53, 15%), brainstem (30, 9%), cerebellum (25, 7%), and caudate nucleus (7, 2%). The crude and age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rates per 100,000 population were 18 and 16 for putaminal, 17 and 15 for thalamic, 8 and 7 for lobar, 4 and 3 for cerebellar, 4 and 4 for brainstem, and 1 and 1 for caudate hemorrhages, respectively. The Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission were best in patients with cerebellar hemorrhage and worst in those with brainstem hemorrhage. Surgery was performed for 34% of putaminal, 9% of thalamic, 14% of caudate, 21% of lobar, and 32% of cerebellar hemorrhages but not for brainstem hemorrhages. The 30-day case fatality rate was 11% for putaminal, 9% for thalamic, 14% for caudate, 11% for lobar, 0% for cerebellar, and 53% for brainstem hemorrhages. When patients with ICH were analyzed as a whole, the overall survival rates at 30 days, 3 months, and 3 years were 87, 83, and 73%, respectively. Both the short-term and long-term outcomes after ICH were directly related to the site of hemorrhage and the severity of bleeding, which was assessed by the hematoma volume and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Overall, 190 (54%) of 350 patients had a favorable outcome, and 55 (16%) had died at discharge. CONCLUSION Marked differences were observed in the incidence rates and outcome of primary ICH in relation to the site of hemorrhage. The differences in outcome were primarily a result of differences in the severity of bleeding for each ICH subtype.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue in Panama: 25 Years of Circulation

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Yamilka Díaz ◽  
María Chen-Germán ◽  
Evelia Quiroz ◽  
Jean-Paul Carrera ◽  
Julio Cisneros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
History Of ◽  
Autochthonous Transmission

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent arbovirus in terms of human public health importance globally. In addition to DENV epidemiological surveillance, genomic surveillance may help investigators understand the epidemiological dynamics, geographic distribution, and temporal patterns of DENV circulation. Herein, we aimed to reconstruct the molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of DENV in Panama to connect the epidemiological history of DENV dispersal and circulation in Latin America. We retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological data obtained during 25 years of DENV surveillance in Panama. DENV was reintroduced in Panama in 1993 after a 35 year absence of autochthonous transmission. The increase in the number of total dengue cases has been accompanied by an increase in severe and fatal cases, with the highest case fatality rate recorded in 2011. All four serotypes were detected in Panama, which is characterized by serotype replacement and/or co-circulation of multiple serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of datasets collected from envelope (E) gene sequences obtained from viruses isolated from human sera demonstrated that circulating viruses were highly diverse and clustered in distinct clades, with co-circulation of clades from the same genotype. Our analyses also suggest that Panamanian strains were related to viruses from different regions of the Americas, suggesting a continuous exchange of viruses within the Americas.

scholarly journals Trends in Incidence and Case Fatality Rates of Heart Disease and Its Subtypes in Korea, 2006–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8451
Author(s):  
Su Ra Seo ◽  
Shin Yi Jang ◽  
Sung-il Cho
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
National Trends

Heart disease (HD) is the second leading cause of death in Korea. Several studies in Korea have analyzed the trends of incidence and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), but few have investigated incidence and mortality trends of HD and its subtypes. The aim of this study was to assess the national trends in incidence and case fatality rates of overall HD and its subtypes (including IHD, heart failure (HF), arrhythmia, hypertensive HD (HHD), valvular HD, pulmonary HD, and others) in Korea between 2006 and 2015. Using records from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) claims database (2003–2015) and by obtaining the causes of death (Korean Statistical Information Service, 2006–2017), we analyzed the crude and age-standardized incidence rates from 2006 to 2015 and the case fatality rates from 2006 to 2017 of HD and its subtypes. Between 2006 and 2015, the incidence of overall HD changed minimally, but the age-standardized incidence of HD decreased from 210.0 persons per 100,000 populations in 2006 to 161.3 persons in 2015. However, incidence rates have increased in arrhythmia, HD other, pulmonary HD, and the case fatality rates have increased in HF, valvular HD, and HD other. Therefore, it is essential to continuously monitor the incidence and case fatality rates of HD and its subtypes and expand the focus onto prevention and treatment strategies from MI or IHD to various HD subtypes. Active prevention and management are needed to alleviate the burden of HD due to an aging population in Korea.

Clinical Features ofClostridium difficile–Associated Infections and Molecular Characterization of Strains: Results of a Retrospective Study, 2000-2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Barbut ◽  
Béatrice Gariazzo ◽  
Laetitia Bonné ◽  
Valérie Lalande ◽  
Béatrice Burghoffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Ofclostridium Difficile ◽  
Toxigenic Culture ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Background.Recent outbreaks of severe cases ofClostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) reported in North America, the United Kingdom, and The Netherlands have emphasized the importance of an ongoing epidemiological surveillance of CDAD.Objective.To determine the epidemiology of CDAD over the years 2000-2004 and the rate of nosocomial transmission ofC. difficile.Design.Retrospective survey of inpatients with CDAD and molecular characterization of the strains isolated.Setting.A 760-bed teaching hospital.Methods.All CDAD cases diagnosed from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2004, were reviewed. A CDAD case was defined as diarrhea in a hospitalized patient who had a stool specimen that tested positive forC. difficilecytotoxin or had a positive toxigenic culture result. CDAD was considered to be severe if a patient fulfilled at least 1 of the following 3 criteria: (1) presence of a fever (defined as temperature higher than 38.5°C), abdominal pain, and leukocyte count greater than 10,000 cells/mm3; (2) endoscopically or histologically proven pseudomembranous colitis; or (3) complications (defined as death with C.difficileinfection as the primary or a contributing cause, toxic megacolon, perforation, toxic shock, and/or colectomy). CDAD was considered community-acquired if the diarrhea occurred in the patient within 72 hours after admission and if the patient had no history of hospitalization in the previous month; otherwise, CDAD was considered healthcare-associated. All the strains isolated were serogrouped and were characterized by toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping. Detection of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin was performed by PCR.Results.One hundred fifty-one cases of CDAD were diagnosed; 147 clinical records could be reviewed, and 131 strains were studied. The overall incidence of CDAD was 1.1 cases per 1,000 patients admitted, but incidence rates were higher in 2003-2004, compared with 2000-2002 (P= .017). Diarrhea was community acquired in 28 patients (19%). For patients with healthcare-associated CDAD, transmission of the strain from patient to patient (ie, infection with a strain of the same serogroup and PCR ribotype as the strain isolated from another patient hospitalized in the same ward or in a linked ward in the previous 2 months) was demonstrated in 12 cases (10.1%). Eleven percent of strains were positive for binary toxin. Binary toxin-positive strains were associated with more-severe diarrhea (P= .01 ) and with a higher case-fatality rate (P= .03). A specific clone ofC. difficile(serogroup H, PCR ribotype sa026) accounted for 35 (26.7%) of all the strains isolated, but this clone was found both in healthcare-associated and community-acquired cases. Three strains belonged to toxinotype III, but only 1 was related to the hypervirulent clone involved in recent outbreaks.Conclusion.The incidence of CDAD is low in our hospital, and cross-infection is limited. These results also suggest that strains with binary toxin might be more virulent.

Abstract 2641: Comparative Incidence, Case-Fatality and Survival Rates of Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction. The Dijon Vascular (DIVA) Project

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Gentil ◽  
Yannick Bejot ◽  
Luc Lorgis ◽  
Jerome Durier ◽  
Marianne Zeller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Health Care Organizations ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events

Acute coronary and cerebrovascular events share common underlying arterial pathology. Although some studies have evaluated the epidemiology of these two diseases, many of them were limited by being conducted on selected populations. The aim of the Dijon Vascular Project was to evaluate the epidemiology of both stroke and acute myocardial infarction from a large population-based study and over a long period. We prospectively assessed all first-ever cases of stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a population of 151,846 in the city of Dijon, France, from 2001 to 2006. The 30-day case fatality rates were assessed in both groups. We recorded 1660 events, including 1020 (61.4 %) strokes and 640 AMI (38.6 %). The crude incidence of stroke was 112 / 100,000 / year while that of AMI was 70.2 / 100 000 / year. Incidence rates of the two diseases rose steeply with age. In women, the incidence of stroke was higher than that of AMI, in particular at 65 years and older. In men, the incidence of stroke was lower than that of AMI below 55 years, was similar between 55 and 65 years and higher above 65 years. Case-fatality rates at 30 days were similar for stroke and AMI. Our findings confirm that the annual incidence of stroke is higher than that of AMI except in young men. These data implications for prevention strategies, acute care, clinical trial design for future therapies and health-care organizations.

Towards the elimination of occupational cancers in the Russian Federation: cancer research for cancer prevention (Part 1)

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
J. Schüz ◽  
A. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Occupational Cancer ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Incident Cases

Cancer is increasing worldwide. Th e Russian Federation is no exception in this regard with an increase of the total number of new cases predicted to rise from 529,062 in 2018 to 587,622 in 2040. Th e present high burden and increase in incident cases at the same time increases the pressure on healthcare infrastructure and related costs. Th us, primary and secondary prevention of cancer becomes essential. Occupational cancers related to exposure at the workplace are among the preventable cancer burden, due to the modifi ability of the risk through minimisation of occupational exposures and adequate worker protection. For the Russian Federation, some 20,000 cancers each year may be att ributable to occupation, but systematic recording is currently lacking. As information is also lacking on the absolute eff ect of various occupational carcinogens in the Russian workforce due to lack of large-scale epidemiological studies and because for many suspected occupational carcinogens the evidence may become stronger, the true burden may in fact be higher. Th e Russian Federation appears particularly suitable for research into occupational cancer given the sizable workforce, the heavy industr ialisation as well as the good documentation and workplace surveillance over time, so that results are both informative for the situation in the Russian Federation and on a global scale. Five challenging but not unfeasible steps of nationwide population-based cancer registration, development of a legal framework for record linkage of registries and data collections, recording of occupational cancers, large scale epidemiological occupational cancer research and rigorous implementation of worker protection on known carcinogens, lead the way to a continuously updated cancer control plan that includes the elimination of occupational cancer in the Russian Federation.

Nationwide trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma from 1999 to 2016 in South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316796
Author(s):  
Su Kyung Jung ◽  
Jiwon Lim ◽  
Suk Woo Yang ◽  
Young-Joo Won
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Orbital Lymphoma

Background/AimsLymphomas are the most frequent neoplasm of the orbit. However, the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas is not well reported. This study aimed to provide a population-based report on the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas and measure the trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma cancer in South Korea.MethodsNationwide cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Age-standardised incidence rates and annual percent changes were calculated according to sex and histological types. The analysis according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results summary stage classifications was performed from 2006 to 2016. Survival rates were estimated for cases diagnosed from 1999 to 2016.ResultsA total of 630 patients (median age: 54 years) with orbital lymphoma in the orbital soft tissue were included in this study. The age-standardised incidence rates increased from 0.03 to 0.08 per 100 000 individuals between 1999 and 2016, with an annual percent change of 6.61%. The most common histopathological type of orbital lymphoma was extra marginal zone B cell lymphoma, accounting for 82.2% of all orbital lymphomas during 1999–2016, followed by diffuse large B cell lymphoma (9.2%). Five-year, 10-year and 15-year overall survival (OS) of orbital lymphoma was 90.8%, 83.8% and 75.8%, respectively. OS showed a significant decrease as age increased and no significant differences between men and women.ConclusionThe incidence rate of orbital lymphoma is very low in South Korea. However, the incidence rate has increased over the past years. Orbital lymphomas have a worse prognosis as age increases.

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