Permafrost-affected former agricultural soils of the Salekhard city (Central part of Yamal region)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Alekseev ◽  
Evgeny Abakumov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
The North ◽  
Typical Component ◽  
High Level

Soil cover transformation in Russian Arctic is considered as underinvestigated. In 1920s it was started systematical studying and exploitation of natural resources of Far North of Russia. Due to development of industry and growth in area population necessity in agricultural products was growing intensively and arable soils became typical component of the soil cover in polar cities surroundings. Nowadays, however, almost all the former cultivation fields are abandoned or in poor use. Abandoned agricultural soil in sub urban territories of the Salekhard city were studied with aim to evaluate alteration of soil morphology and chemistry under agricultural impact and clarify the specificity of this process in case of permafrost-affected soils. The predominance of sandy textured parent materials within Salekhard city area was one of the main reason of favorable agricultural using of land in the north of Western Siberia in previous years. Data obtained revealed that studied soils are characterized by properties caused both by former (or existing) anthropogenic influence and natural processes (e.g. cryogenic mass transfer). Soil organic carbon content depends mainly on the character of current land use and varies significantly in studied soils. Most of the soil samples showed the highest levels of soil nutrients in the topsoil. Former arable horizon is stable in time in terms of morphological features and agrochemical state. In spite of high level of soil acidity, content of nutrients in antropogenically affected topsoils is still high after 20 years of abandoned state of soils. This indicates that agrosoils with relatively high fertility of arable topsoils could exist during long time in case of sandy-textured parent materials.

scholarly journals Application of Degradable Carbon and Nitrogen Moderates Carbon Sequestration Potential of Biochar in Arable Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Ján Horák ◽  
Martin Lukáč
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Carbon Sequestration Potential ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Combat Climate Change

Abstract Biochar can affect CO2 emission and C sequestration from soils, but little is known about the effects of its re-application and interaction with easily accessible substrates. Since most agricultural soils are continuously reworked, understanding the mechanics of CO2 evolution as affected by soil amendments and their combinations may have important lessons for the global effort to combat climate change. In this study carried out in a controlled environment, we tested the short-term effects of biochar, and its re-application at different rates, on the production of CO2 emission and C accumulation in samples of arable soils. We used a loamy Haplic Luvisol as the substrate and added varying amounts of biochar and sources of easily accessible N and C. We observed CO2 evolution for 20 days at optimal temperature and moisture conditions. We found that in the control treatment with no biochar, the total potential respiration after the addition of (NH4)2SO4 (N) and glucose (G) was increased compared to basal respiration. The addition of biochar reduced CO2 emission in the control, N- and G-stimulated treatments by 12–22, 13‒24 and 2‒21%, respectively. Conversely, the application of biochar increased CO2 emission in the combined NG treatment. Application of biochar at a higher rate, as well as its re-application, increased soil organic carbon content and reduced emission of CO2 into the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Agrogenic Transformation of Soil Cover in Pre-Salair Drained Plane (Western Siberia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
N. A. Sokolova ◽  
◽  
E. N. Smolentseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Large Area

Plowing up is a widespread type of anthropogenic transformation of soils and soil cover (SC) in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. As a result of plowing up agrogenic transformation (agrotransformation) of soils causes their form and properties change, as well as the spatial characteristics of the SC. In the example of a model territory the features of changes in the component composition and structure of the SC of the Pre-Salair drained plain under the influence of arable press are studied. Automorphic soil formation prevails in the studied area, and zonal natural soils here are chernozems (clay-illuvial and migrate-micellar) and dark grays. These soils have an upper dark humus horizon, which in arable soils becomes an agro-dark humus horizon. In the studied area, an increase in number of the SC components was found due to the soils of the agrozems section and different types of agricultural soils, which leads to a diversification of the component composition. It was found that the component composition of SC shows high degree of its agrotransformation: area of arable soils is 55.6% of total area of SC. We also showed the sequence of agrotransformation for the chernozems of the model territory: chernozems, agrochernozems, agrozems, abraded agrozems, agroabrazems. Agrozems occupy a large area and have a classification diversity. Factors affecting the diversity of agrozems at the type and subtype classification level are identified: the degree of agrogenic transformation of clay-illuvial and migrate-micellar chernozems are distinguished. The low thickness of the humus horizon of soils in the pre-agrarian period during plowing leads to various degrees of their agrotransformation and classification divergence of soils. The SC structure is characterized by geometric parameters in accordance with the concept of V.M. Friedland. These are areas and dissection coefficients (minimum, maximum, average and median) of elementary soil areal (ESA) and soil combinations areal (SCA). Geometries of ESA and SCA are caused by the combined influence of terrain features and anthropogenic impact. ESA of agrotransformed soils (agrograys, agrochernozems, agrozems) have largest sizes, besides undisturbed automorphic soils; ESA of strongly transformed soils developed in temporary flow hollows have smallest sizes. The overall result of the agrogenic transformation of the SC on the studied area is a new spatial agrogenic structure. In the component composition of SC specific soils of different taxonomic levels appear.

Changes in demand for children between 2003 and 2013 in Nigeria: Evidence from survey data

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Stella Babalola ◽  
Joshua O. Akinyemi ◽  
Clifford O. Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Desire ◽  
The North ◽  
Demand For Children

Abstract Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates in Africa. Data from 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys indicate a virtual stagnation of fertility rate since 2003. Low contraceptive use and pronatalist attitudes are among the factors contributing to the high fertility rate in Nigeria. In this manuscript, we pooled data from three most recent waves of Demographic and Health Surveys to examine trends in demand for children over time and identify the factors associated with change in demand for children. The data show that demand for children has declined since 2003 although not monotonically so. Variables that were positively associated with increased likelihood of desiring no additional children were residence in the South-West (as opposed to residence in the North-Central), exposure to family planning (FP) messages on the mass media, number of children ever born, educational level, and urban residence. In contrast, uncertainty about fertility desire was more widespread in 2008 compared to 2013 although less widespread in 2003 than in 2013. The likelihood of being undecided about fertility desire was positively associated with discrepancies in family size desires between husband and wife, parity and Islamic religious affiliation. Programs should aim to increase access to effective contraceptive methods and promote demand for contraceptives as a way of fostering a sustainable reduction in demand for children. Furthermore, strategies that address uncertainty by fostering women’s understanding of the social and health implications of large family sizes are relevant.

Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adib Rifqi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
American University ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
High Level ◽  
Education And Development

“The real treasure is in the minds of our children, and all we have to do is extract it.” Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah writes in website Queen Rania Foundation For Education And Development www.qrf.org/en. Rania Al Yassin was born on August 31, 1970. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the American University of Cairo in 1991. She applied this, first, to a banking career in Jordan and, later, to the information technology sector. After marrying Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein on June 10, 1993, they went on to have four children: Prince Hussein, Princess Iman, Princess Salma, and Prince Hashem. In addition to being a wife and mother, Queen Rania works hard to lift the lives of Jordanians by supporting their endeavours and helping to create new opportunities for them. Locally, she is committed to breathe new life into the public education system; empower communities and women especially through microfinance initiatives; protect children and families; and drive innovation, technology and entrepreneurship, especially amongst young people. Internationally, Queen Rania is an advocate for tolerance, compassion and bridge building between people of all cultures and backgrounds. Her efforts to simultaneously challenge stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims, and promote greater understanding and acceptance between people of all faiths and cultures, have won her global recognition. Her Majesty’s passion is education. She believes that every Jordanian girl and boy, and all children, should have access not only to stimulating classrooms and modern curricula, but inspiring teachers and technology that can connect Jordan’s children to the world and the world to Jordan’s children. Her efforts in the education sector complement the work of the Ministry of Education through initiatives such as the Jordan Education Initiative, the Queen Rania Teachers Academy, Madrasati, Edraak and others. To realize these and so much more, Queen Rania has encouraged private sector partners to drive improvements and strengthen the foundations of Jordan’s education system. Queen Rania is also a global voice for access to quality education for children around the world. In 2009, Her Majesty championed the 1 Goal campaign for education; she is Honorary Chair of the UN Girl’s Education Initiatives and has advocated access to education in forums and gatherings around the world. Her work and her efforts to improve the learning opportunities for children have been recognized at the highest levels, nationally, regionally and internationally. Additionally, through her position on their boards, Her Majesty contributes to the work of the United Nations Fund and the World Economic Forum. She is the Eminent Advocate for UNICEF; and she was part of the UN appointed High Level Panel who advised on the shape and content of the Sustainable Development Goals which aim to improve the lives of millions of people before 2030. In recognition of her work, Her Majesty has humbly accepted many awards, locally, regionally and globally. These include the Walther Rathenau Award from the Walther RathenauInstitut in Germany for her efforts to greater peace and understanding; the James C. Morgan Global Humanitarian Award from Tech Awards, USA; the Arab Knight of Giving Award from Arab Giving Forum, UAE; the North South Prize by the North South Prize, Portugal; as well as the YouTube Visionary Award. Her Majesty authored several books primarily for children including the Sandwich Swap, which was inspired by her own childhood experiences.

scholarly journals Abandoned agricultural soils from the central part of the Yamal region of Russia: morphology, diversity, and chemical properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Evgeny Abakumov ◽  
Evgeniya Morgun ◽  
Alexandr Pechkin ◽  
Vyacheslav Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Agrochemical Properties ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Abandoned Lands

AbstractThe post-anthropogenic and soil cover transformations of former agricultural soils on the abandoned lands in the Russian Arctic territory are poorly investigated due to the active growth of the city complexes and increasing area occupied by agricultural lands. That is lead to an increase in the area of the arable lands surrounding the polar urbanized territories. Today, most of that land allocated for agricultural needs has been abandoned or affected by other types of land use. This study aimed to investigate the abandoned lands surrounding some of the settlements in the central part of the Yamal region. The soil diversity, morphology, and chemical and agrochemical properties were investigated with special reference to the specific transformations that occur to fallow lands under permafrost-affected cryogenic-ecosystem conditions. Analysis of data show that these soils are characterized by features relating to both, previous (and existing), anthropogenic impacts and natural processes such as cryogenic mass transfer. The degradation of the arable humus-enriched horizon was not as pronounced as it has been in more humid boreal environments over recent decades. The organic carbon content in topsoil depends on the land use and varied considerably among the soil types. The former arable topsoil horizon has been stable over time in terms of its morphological features and agrochemical state. Despite the high soil acidity levels, thenutrient content in the anthropogenically impacted soils was still high, even though being abandoned for 20 years.

The effect of rainfall intensity on soil erosion and particulate phosphorus transfer from arable soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fraser ◽  
T. R. Harrod ◽  
P. M. Haygarth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Flow Monitoring

Soil erosion, in the form of transported suspended sediment in overland flow, is often associated with high rates of particulate phosphorus (PP) (total P>0.45 μm) transfer from land to watercourses. Particulate P may provide a long-term source of P for aquatic biota. Twenty-two sites for winter overland flow monitoring were selected in south-west England within fields ranging from 0.2–3.8 ha on conventionally-managed arable land. Fields were situated on highly porous, light textured soils, lacking impermeable horizons and often overlying major aquifers. Long arable use and modern cultivation methods result in these soils capping under rain impact. Overland flow was observed when rainfall intensity approached the modest rate of 0.8 mm hr−1 on land at or near to field capacity. Low intensity rainfall (<2 mm hr−1) produced mean suspended sediment losses of 14 kg ha−1 hr−1, with associated PP transfer rates of 16 g ha−1 hr−1. In high intensity rainfall (>9 mm hr−1) mean PP losses of 319 g ha−1 hr−1 leaving the field were observed. As might be expected, there was a good relationship between PP and suspended sediment transfer in overland flow leaving the sites. The capacity of light soils to cap when in arable use, combined with heavy or prolonged rainfall, resulted in substantial discharges, soil erosion and associated PP transfer. Storms with heavy rain, typically of only a few hours duration, were characterised by considerable losses of PP. Such events, with return periods of once or twice a winter, may account for a significant proportion of total annual P transfer from agricultural soils under arable crops. However, contributions from less intense rain with much longer duration (around 100 hours per winter in many arable districts of the UK) are also demonstrated here.

Fertility in Cheviot ewes. 2. The effect of level of pre-mating nutrition on ovulation rate and early embryo mortality in North and South Country Cheviot ewes in moderately-good condition at mating

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Gunn ◽  
J. M. Doney ◽  
W. F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
The North ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTIn two experiments over 2 years, 57 North Country Cheviot and 82 South Country Cheviot hill ewes were differentially group-fed indoors over a 2-month period to achieve either good or moderate body con- dition. Over 5 weeks prior to mating, ewes in good condition were brought down in condition by restricted feeding and ewes in mod- erate condition were raised in condition by a high level of feeding. The ewes were thus in moderately-good condition at mating. After mating, ewes were maintained in this condition until killed either on return to service or at 29 ± 8 days for counts of corpora lutea and viable embryos.Ovulation rate in each breed was positively related to the level of pre-mating food intake at the condition level studied. Embryo mortality, as ova loss, was not influenced overall by the level of pre-mating food intake but loss of multiple-shed ova was greater than that of single-shed ova in ewes which had been on restricted feeding before mating. Although a greater proportion of ewes in the North Country Cheviot breed were not pregnant at slaughter, this could not be identified as a breed difference since the breeds were studied in different years.

scholarly journals Climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. King ◽  
S. A. Harangozo
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
The North ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Antarctic

Temperature records from slations on the west roast of the Antarctic Peninsula show a very high level of interannual variability and, over the last 50 years, larger warming trends than are seen elsewhere in Antarctica. in this paper we investigate the role of atmospheric circulation variability and sea-ice extent variations in driving these changes. Owing to a lack of independent data, the reliability of Antarctic atmospheric analyses produced in the 1950s and 1960s cannot be readily established, but examination of the available data suggests that there has been an increase in the northerly component of the circulation over the Peninsula since the late 1950s. Few observations of sea-ice extent are available prior to 1973, but the limited data available indicate that the ice edge to the west of the Peninsula lay to the north of recently observed extremes during the very cold conditions prevailing in the late 1950s. The ultimate cause of the atmospheric-circulation changes remains to be determined and may lie outside the Antarctic region.

scholarly journals Courage and Cowardice in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and Defeat in the Summer of 1942

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fennell
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Dimension ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eighth Army

High rates of desertion and surrender during the battles in North Africa in the summer of 1942 were a major factor in Eighth Army’s poor combat performance. At the time, some suggested that these problems were symptomatic of a lack of courage or even of cowardice. There are two broad strands to the conceptualization of courage and cowardice. One focuses on the willingness of the person to fight; the other puts emphasis on how actions express an individual’s ability to cope with fear. Whichever conceptualization is used, high morale motivates the soldier to fight and shields the ordinary recruit from his fear, preventing it from overcoming him in battle. Where morale fails, the soldier is left demotivated and burdened with his terror and, therefore, and is therefore prone to desertion or surrender. Because it is extremely difficult to maintain morale at a continuously high level in an environment governed by chance and managed by humans, all soldiers can find themselves in situations where their actions may be judged as cowardly. Alternatively, if they are properly motivated to fight and prepared by the state and military to deal with the unavoidable fear of combat, all soldiers can be labelled courageous. Accordingly, emotive terms should be avoided when attempting to describe rationally explainable outcomes. The undoubtedly negative connotations attached to cowardice in battle and the positive ones attached to courage are, therefore, arguably unhelpful in understanding Eighth Army’s performance in the summer of 1942 and the human dimension in warfare more generally.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SALT STATUS OF SOILS IN ARTESIAN SPRINGS IMPACT ZONE OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN REGION

1970 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
А. B. Biarslanov ◽  
Z. G. Zalibekov ◽  
Z. U. Gasanova ◽  
P. А. Abdurashidova ◽  
V. А. Zhelnovakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
The North ◽  
Continental Part ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Experimental Plots

The paper is devoted to soil cover degradation in the northen part of the Republic of Dagestan. Soil degradation is affected by irrational using free flowing underground water of artesians. Intensive extraction of underground water for domestic drinking water supply and pastures watering leads to irreversible processes in the soil cover. The study of salt spreading processes in soils caused by technogenic pressure is mainly considered for humid zone, in arid zone such work was not carried out. In this regard, the aim of the study is to clarify the state of the salt balance of soils for possible technogenic halogenesis under the conditions of a long half-century, continuous impact of artesian sources. The analysis of the territorial spreading of salts is considered on the example of soils of the marine coast and the central part of the Terek-Kuma lowland, represented by varieties of meadow saline and light chestnut soils. Taking into account the conditions of mutual location, experimental plots were selected with reference to artesian sources in the marine coast and in the continental part. Experimental and control sections were laid at experimental plots. Soil samples and artesian water samples were tested for the content of light soluble salts using conventional methods. It was established that under conditions of self-flowing artesian sources the soil of the continental part is characterized by an increased salt content and is 0.26-0.48% according to the profile against the background of the salt content in the samples of control plots – 0.11-0.17%. Coastal soils are characterized by a higher degree of salinization, the influence of mineralized water sources has a desalinization impact. On the test plot the salt content is 0.31–0.51%, in the control plot – 1.22–4.29%.

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