scholarly journals Radiation Safety in Children in Children’s Medical Center Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrzad Mehdizadeh ◽  
Nasir Babakhan Kondori ◽  
Vahid Changizi ◽  
Zahra Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Radiation Hazards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Center Hospital ◽  
Ethical Approval

Background: Diagnostic radiology studies in children harbor more radiation hazards than in adults due to their small size and higher cellular proliferation rate. Therefore, reducing the radiation burden to children should be top priority. Measurement of radiation dose is the first step to this goal. Nevertheless, we do not know whether the radiation of portable radiographs at our hospital meets the standards or not. Objectives: This study aims at measuring the primary and scattered radiation at different distances from patients. This eventually would help us to keep the radiation to minimum. Methods: This study was conducted on 84 patients from 4 different wards (U1-U2) in our hospital in 2017. After obtaining ethical approval from ethical committee and also written consent from parents, all patients who needed portable X-ray were included in our study. A thermo-luminescent dosimeter was placed on the patient’s chest to measure the entrance surface dose (ESD), while Geiger-Muller dosimeters located at one and two-meter distances from the X-ray tube used to scale the scattered radiation. Then, data were analyzed in SPSS 16. Results: The average ESD was 0.3873, 0.3867, 0.3700, and 0.4033 millisievert (mSv) in U1 to U4 respectively, whereas the scattered radiation doses measured as 0.00986, 0.00750, 0.01250, 0.1014 at one-meter and 0.00250, 0.00220, 0.00238, 0.00314 mSv at two-meter distances. There was no significant difference in radiation dose between those units (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Radiation received by patients in this study was three to four times higher than the standard dose. Significant scattered radiation was also detected at one and two-meter distances. To reduce radiation, improvement of exposure protocols such as reducing mAs and using proper shielding is emphasized.

scholarly journals Determination of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination using thermoluminescence dosimeter

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
Chinenye Evangeline Eyisi-Enuka ◽  
Christian Chukwuemeka Nzotta ◽  
Ebbi Donald Robinson ◽  
Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽  
Thomas Adejoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Lumbosacral Spine ◽  
Adhesive Tape ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Scatter Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation during radiographic examination is associated with some biological effects. The study was aimed to determine the amount of scatter radiation to the breast during lumbosacral x-ray examination. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study carried out among 60 women referred for Lumbosacral spine radiography from September 2019 to December 2019. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital ethical committee. A single-phase mobile X-ray unit was used to dispense the radiation while a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip was used to measure the radiation dose. The TLD chip was attached to the peri-areolar region of the left breast and held in place by a transparent adhesive tape. The TLD was carefully enclosed in a black polythene sachet before and after the investigation to shield it from background radiation. After the investigation the TLD,s were sent to the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) for reading and annealing.  Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 55.32±12.35years and 29.70±7.09kg/m2 respectively. The cumulative mean (±SD) ESD to the breast was 3.87±0.87mGy. The highest scatter radiation dose was observed in the age group 60-69 years. Pearson’s correlation showed a week correlation between age and ESD. Conclusion: The study showed that there were scatter radiations to the breast during lumbosacral X-Ray investigations which was was lowest among the age group 50-59years. No significant difference was seen between AP and lateral positions. The cancer risk was 1 in 6,000 indicating that there might be needed to shield the breast while performing lumbosacral X-ray.

scholarly journals Compared the Fight-or-Flight System Dependent People, Glass, Opium and Ordinary on the Basis of Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Rezgar Majidi ◽  
Yahya Yarahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
System Level ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Center Hospital ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Fight Or Flight

This study aimed to compared the Fight – or - flight system dependent people, glass, opium and ordinary on the basis of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory. The present study method, of terms of purpose, function and of terms of manner of implementation, causal-comparative, of type then event. The study population included all drug addicts referred to the Medical Center Hospital of Sanandaj qods who first referred to the center (New Case) and have not received any medical treatment. Among the population of through available sampling a total of 90 people were selected and questionnaire Gary- Wilson personality questionnaire (GWPQ( 1993, was carried out on them. To analyze the data variance and Tukey test was used. The results showed that between the Fight – or - flight system dependent people, glass, opium and ordinary there is a significant difference. The results of analysis of variance showed that the level of significance (0.011) is less than %5, as a result of the confidence level %95, there difference, Between Fight – or - flight system level members dependents the opium, glass and ordinary people on the basis of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory.

Interaction of ionizing radiations with matter

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J Martin
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Fields ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Radiology Image

Interactions of ionizing radiations with matter are fundamental to the practice of radiation protection. They determine the magnitude and distribution of doses in tissues, the performance of detectors and imaging devices, and the attenuating properties of shielding materials. This chapter describes briefly the processes of radioactive decay and the properties of the various particles emitted, and then goes on to consider the interactions of radiation with matter. Electron interactions with metals result in bremsstrahlung and characteristic X-rays that form the basis of X-ray production. The interaction mechanisms of X-rays with tissue, particularly the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, are inherent in the process of radiology image formation. Understanding the physics behind X-ray interactions so that scattered radiation can be taken into account is crucial in designing methods for accurately measuring radiation dose parameters. The final section deals with the dose related variables involved in measurement of radiation fields.

Abstract 690: Variability and Predictors of Patient Radiation Dose with Dual Source Cardiac CT: Implications for Future Algorithms to Reduce Patient Radiation Dose

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Blankstein ◽  
Rodrigo Pale ◽  
Khurram Nasir ◽  
Amar B Shah ◽  
Hiram Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Radiation Exposure ◽  
Patient Radiation Dose ◽  
Scan Length

Intro : DSCT provides improved temporal resolution due to the simultaneous use of two x-ray sources & detectors. Although use of two sources may increase radiation, the DSCT offers key mechanisms to reduce dose (i.e. pitch adaptation, tube current modulation (TCM) & prospective triggering). Thus, our aim was to assess the patient radiation exposure associated with DSCT and identify variations based on the use of different scan related parameters. Methods : Prospective study of a single tertiary medical center where radiation and image quality related data was collected on 304 consecutive patients (pts) presenting for clinical CCT examination. Effective radiation dose was calculated by multiplying the dose-length product × (k=.017 mSv/mGy/cm). Image quality was rated on a subjective IQ score [1=poor to 4=excellent], as well as contrast (CNR) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios. Adjusted means of increased radiation dose were calculated based on linear regression models. Results: Among 304 consecutive studies (mean age 56.4, BMI 29.4 kg/m 2 , 37% Female), 60% were performed for coronary evaluation, 8% for CABG, 18% for pulmonary veins and 11% for aortic disease. The average radiation dose was 13.5±9.2mSv [range 0.5–55.5 mSv]. TABLE provides unadjusted and adjusted mean radiation dose for parameters which had a significant univariate association with radiation dose. Independent predictors of lower radiation included low kV, use of TCM, higher pitch, smaller scan length, and regular heart rhythm. Selected use of various TCM algorithms & low KV resulted in no significant difference in IQ, CNR, or SNR. Conclusions : DSCT is associated with a wide range of patient radiation exposure. The variability in dose is due to both controllable parameters (i.e. use of TCM, low kV, scan length) as well as parameters that cannot be altered (i.e. irregular rhythm). These results suggest that individualizing scan protocols may result in lower radiation dose without compromising image quality. Table: Cardiac DSCT Parameters Affecting Patient Radiation Dose

Subjective and objective evaluation of image quality in biplane cerebral digital subtraction angiography following significant acquisition dose reduction in a clinical setting

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir R Honarmand ◽  
Ali Shaibani ◽  
Tamila Pashaee ◽  
Furqan H Syed ◽  
Michael C Hurley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Side Branch ◽  
Image Series ◽  
Significant Difference

ObjectiveDifferent technical and procedural methods have been introduced to develop low radiation dose protocols in neurointerventional examinations. We investigated the feasibility of minimizing radiation exposure dose by simply decreasing the detector dose during cerebral DSA and evaluated the comparative level of image quality using both subjective and objective methods.MethodsIn a prospective study of patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral DSA, randomly selected vertebral arteries (VA) and/or internal carotid arteries and their contralateral equivalent arteries were injected. Detector dose of 3.6 and 1.2 μGy/frame were selected to acquire standard dose (SD) and low dose (LD) images, respectively. Subjective image quality assessment was performed by two neurointerventionalists using a 5 point scale. For objective image quality evaluation, circle of Willis vessels were categorized into conducting, primary, secondary, and side branch vessels. Two blinded observers performed arterial diameter measurements in each category. Only image series obtained from VA injections opacifying the identical posterior intracranial circulation were utilized for objective assessment.ResultsNo significant difference between SD and LD images was observed in subjective and objective image quality assessment in 22 image series obtained from 10 patients. Mean reference air kerma and kerma area product were significantly reduced by 61.28% and 61.24% in the LD protocol, respectively.ConclusionsOur study highlights the necessity for reconsidering radiation dose protocols in neurointerventional procedures, especially at the level of baseline factory settings.

Safety of High-Dose Unfractionated Heparin for Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Obese Patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 106002802097456
Author(s):  
Teresa Regis ◽  
Pavel Goriacko ◽  
Nadia Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Bleeding Event ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Background Optimal dosing of unfractionated heparin (UFH) for thromboprophylaxis in the obese patient population is uncertain because of their high-risk, prothrombotic state and a complexity of pharmacokinetic considerations. Literature on the appropriateness of the use of a higher dose UFH regimen remains unclear and inconsistent. Objective To evaluate the safety of the use of 7500 units every 8 hours ( high-dose) of subcutaneous UFH compared with the use of 5000 units every 8 hours ( standard-dose) of subcutaneous UFH for thromboprophylaxis in obese patients (defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Methods In a retrospective cohort study, 326 adult patients were included, with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, who were admitted to a large, urban academic medical center between September 1, 2015, and September 1, 2018. Patients received either high-dose or standard-dose UFH for at least 48 hours. The primary end point was the incidence rate of bleeding events, defined as a ≥2-g/dL fall in hemoglobin level or receipt of transfusion of 2 or more units of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) from the start of the UFH order. Results The incidence rate of bleeding was significantly higher in those who received high-dose UFH (43%) compared with those who received standard-dose UFH (29%; P = 0.008). No significant difference was found between venous thromboembolism event rates. Conclusion and Relevance High-dose UFH was associated with an increased bleeding event rate compared with standard-dose UFH in patients with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. This raises safety concerns about the appropriateness of utilizing this regimen in this population.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document