scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in an Outbreak of Re-Emerged Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwestern Iran During 2015 - 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehri Kargar ◽  
Homa Hajjaran ◽  
Javad Moazen ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shirzadi ◽  
Elham Kazemirad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Southwest Of Iran

Background: Dezful and its suburbs, as the second city in Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran, has been an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with a low incidence rate since the last decades. However, the disease incidence has rapidly increased, and now is considered as a re-emerging parasitic disease in the area. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the most prevalent CL species in Dezful Region. Methods: A total of 196 microscopically confirmed slides from CL patients referred to Dezful Health Center were randomly collected in the period of 2015 - 2016. After DNA extraction from microscopically positive slides, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was carried out on 61 eligible specimens using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene. The HaeIII restriction enzyme was used for the identification of species. Results: Samples were randomly collected from 196 acute CL cases, including 110 (56.2%) males and 86 (43.8%) females. Most infections were seen in the age range of 2 - 7 years (65/196, 33.1%). Totally, 60.1% of the cases had only one lesion, and half of the lesions appeared on hands. Furthermore, 162 (82.7%) cases were referred to Dezful Health Center in the cold seasons (autumn and winter). Results of PCR-RFLP on 61 eligible isolates showed that 60 (98.4%) isolates were Leishmania major, and only 1 (1.6%) isolate was Leishmania tropica. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that L. major is the main agent of re-emerged CL in Dezful and its suburbs, and the disease is a zoonosis.

scholarly journals Impact of climate variability on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farideh Azimi ◽  
Sadegh Shirian ◽  
Saranaz Jangjoo ◽  
Arman Ai ◽  
Tahereh Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Sunshine Hours ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Rainy Days

Leishmaniasis, one of the most important parasitic diseases worldwide, is frequently cited with respect to health risks related to climate change. The current variability of the climate may have different impacts on the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) depending on the various Leishmania species. The number and distribution of CL cases in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran was analysed over the 2010-2014 period with regard to temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunshine hours, evaporation and wind-related climate issues. During the study period, there were 4672 recorded clinical cases of CL, the incidence of which was found to fall into three types of areas, such as high, intermediate and low-level endemic areas. Compared to the intermediate and low-endemic areas, the hyper-endemic areas showed significantly variable meteorological data with regard to rainy days, maximum/minimum temperature and humidity. Decreased temperatures in the eastern part of this province were found to promote the disease towards its centre. We conclude that the meteorological variables and incidence data of CL indicate that the number of rainy days, maximum and minimum temperatures and relative humidity are significant variables that can predict CL incidence. Indeed, the substantial climatic variability occurring during the recent 5-year period (2010-2014) in Khuzestan Province could be the main reason for the change in epidemiology and transmission of CL.

scholarly journals Prone Regions of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwest of Iran: Combination of Hierarchical Decision Model (AHP) and GIS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Jahanifard ◽  
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd ◽  
Hossein Nasiri ◽  
Hamid Reza Matinfar ◽  
Zabihollah Charrahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Plain Area ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Hierarchical Decision Model ◽  
Southwest Of Iran

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major is an important public health problem in the world. Khuzestan Province is one of the main foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the southwest of Iran. We aimed to predict the spatial distribution of the vector and reservoir(s) of ZCL using decision-making tool and to pre­pare risk map of the disease using integrative GIS, RS and AHP methods in endemic foci in Shush (plain area) and Khorramshahr (coastal area) counties of Khuzestan Province, southern Iran from Mar 2012 to Jan 2013. Methods: Thirteen criteria including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, soil texture, soil organic matter, soil pH, soil moisture, altitude, land cover, land use, underground water depth, distance from river, slope and distance from human dwelling with the highest chance of the presence of the main vector and reservoir of the disease were chosen for this study. Weights of the criteria classes were determined using the Expert choice 11 software. The pres­ence proba­bility maps of the vector and reservoir of the disease were prepared with the combination of AHP method and Arc GIS 9.3. Results: Based on the maps derived from the AHP model, in Khorramshahr study area, the highest probability of ZCL is predicted in Gharb Karoon rural district. The presence probability of ZCL was high in Hossein Abad and Benmoala rural districts in the northeast of Shush. Conclusion: Prediction maps of ZCL distribution pattern provide valuable information which can guide policy mak­ers and health authorities to be precise in making appropriate decisions before occurrence of a possible disease out­break.

scholarly journals Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiby PCR and Mouse Bioassay in Rodents of Ahvaz District, Southwestern Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Saki ◽  
S. Khademvatan
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Zoonotic Parasite ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Southwest Of Iran ◽  
Southwest Iran

Toxoplasma gondiiis obligate coccidian zoonotic parasite. Felidae family is definitive and wide ranges of warm-blooded vertebrates are intermediate hosts for the parasite. Rodents are measured as an important source ofT. gondiiinfection for the definitive host. Thus, this study aimed to investigateToxoplasminfection in rodents of Ahvaz district, southwest of Iran. A total of 100 rodents (73Rattus norvegicus, 21Rattus rattus, and 6Mus musculus) were collected and studied by GRA6PCR and mouse bioassay. The finding indicated that 6 out of 100 (6%) and 2 out of 100 (2%) samples were positive by PCR and mouse bioassay, respectively. The results show notable chronic infection in the rodent and potential transmission of the infection among animal and men in the region. Accordingly, this study recommended investigating of theT. gondiiinfection in definitive and other intermediate hosts in other points of Khuzestan province, Southwest, Iran.

scholarly journals Significant Decline of Malaria Incidence in Southwest of Iran (2001–2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shokrollah Salmanzadeh ◽  
Masoud Foroutan-Rad ◽  
Shahram Khademvatan ◽  
Sasan Moogahi ◽  
Shahla Bigdeli
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Positive Subject ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Southwest Of Iran

Iran is considered as one of the malaria endemic countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and is at risk due to neighboring Afghanistan, Pakistan in the east, and Iraq to the west. Therefore the aim of the present investigation is the evaluation of the trend of malaria distribution during the past decade (2001–2014) in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. In this retrospective cross-sectional investigation, blood samples were taken from all malaria suspicious cases who were referred to health centers across Khuzestan province. For each positive subject a questionnaire containing demographic information was filled out. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18. From a total of 541 malaria confirmed cases, 498 (92.05%) were male and 43 (7.95%) were female. The highest number of infections was seen in 2001 with 161 (29.75%) cases and the lowest was in 2014 with 0 (0%). Also,Plasmodium vivaxwas identified as dominant species in 478 (88.35%) individuals andP. falciparumcomprised 63 (11.65%). The highest infection rate was observed in non-Iranian populations with number 459 (84.85%) and imported cases 508 (93.90%). Also, the majority of subjects were over 15 years of age, 458 (84.65%). Due to proximity to endemic countries which has made the malaria campaign difficult, more effort is needed to control the infection in order to achieve malaria elimination.

Identification of causative Leishmania species in Giemsa-stained smears prepared from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru using PCR-RFLP

Acta Tropica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Koarashi ◽  
Abraham G. Cáceres ◽  
Florencia Margarita Zúniga Saca ◽  
Elsa Elvira Palacios Flores ◽  
Adela Celis Trujillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Pcr Rflp

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Species Caused Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Zone of Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Barazesh ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Motazedian ◽  
Moradali Fouladvand ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam ◽  
Saeed Tajbakhsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Ulcers ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Main Factor

Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are two main species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iran. Recently, Crithidia spp. has also been reported in the wound of patients with CL. In this study, we determined the species causing CL in the southern of Iran and the role of Crithidia spp. in creating skin ulcers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study from Apr to Sep 2016, 66 patients with CL referred to Diagnostic Lab of Leishmaniasis, Valfajr Health Center, Shiraz, Iran, were selected. After DNA extraction from the Giemsa stained smears, all samples were amplified in two separate steps using specific primers, firstly, to differentiate Leishmania species and then to identify Crithidia spp. Results: Two species L. major and L. tropica were responsible for 60 and 6 cases, respectively. Moreover, in two patients, mixed infection with Crithidia was confirmed. In mix infection cases, the morphology of the cutaneous ul­cers was not different from the wounds of other patients. Conclusion: Leishmania major is responsible for the most common CL in southern Iran. In addition, in two patients with L. major and L. tropica, mix infection with Crithidia was confirmed. The potential role of Crithidia as the main factor for CL and the probability of this parasite to have synergistic effects on Leishmania, as a hypothesis, requires more comprehensive researches on the ambiguity of this protozoon.

scholarly journals Sensitive Molecular Diagnostics for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orli Sagi ◽  
Anat Berkowitz ◽  
Shlomi Codish ◽  
Victor Novack ◽  
Aviv Rashti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Multiplex Qpcr ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Pcr Multiplex

Abstract Background Rapid diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and identification of Leishmania species is highly important for the disease management. In Israel, CL is caused mainly by Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica species. Methods We established an easy to handle point of care lesion-swabbing, combined with a highly sensitive multiplex real time PCR (multiplex qPCR) for accurate and rapid diagnosis of Leishmania species. Results Using three probes: one general for: Leishmania species, and two specific for L major, and L tropica, we screened 1783 clinical samples collected during two years. Leishmania species was found in 1086 individuals, 1008 L major, and 70 L tropica. Eight samples positive for Leishmania species only, were further tested using a second set of multiplex qPCR developed, and were found positive for Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum/donovani (2 and 6 samples, concomitantly). Conclusions Taken together, the test enabled diagnostics and better treatment of Leishmania infections from the Old World (1078 samples) and the New World (8 samples), and the subtyping of the dominant strains in the region, as well as in returning travelers’.

Determination of Leishmania Species by PCR-RFLP in the Smear Samples Taken from the Lesions of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice ERTABAKLAR ◽  
Sema ERTUĞ ◽  
Serçin Özlem ÇALIŞKAN ◽  
Bülent BOZDOĞAN
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Pcr Rflp

scholarly journals Molecular Characterisation of Leishmania Species from Stray Dogs and Patients in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah D Alanazi ◽  
Abdulazi S Alouffi ◽  
Mohamed S Alyousif ◽  
Abdulsadah A Rahi ◽  
Magda A Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Control And Prevention

Abstract Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in several parts of the world, with a large number of cases recorded in the Middle East. However, when they occur in sympatry, the role of each species of Leishmania in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not clear. Methods: To determine the frequency of occurrence and to identify the species of Leishmania that infect humans and stray dogs in Riyadh and Al-Qaseem (Saudi Arabia), 311 stray dogs and 27 human patients who were suspected for Leishmania were examined for CL by a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR).Results: The use of nPCR detected seven patients (25.9%) who were positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Five patients from Riyadh were infected by L. major and two from Al-Qaseem by L. tropica. In addition, five dogs (1.6%) were infected by L. tropica. Conclusions: This is one of the first molecular studies of leishmaniasis to be conducted in Saudi Arabia. The relationship between the sand-fly vectors and the reservoirs of both Leishmania spp. is still scarcely known in this region, and epidemiological investigations are required in order to progress towards control and prevention of the infection in canine and human populations.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Tolerability of Miltefosine in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
JeanAnne M Ware ◽  
Elise M O’Connell ◽  
Thomas Brown ◽  
Lauren Wetzler ◽  
Kawsar R Talaat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Alternative Treatment Option ◽  
Leishmania Panamensis

Abstract Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease causing an estimated 1 million new cases annually. While antimonial compounds are the standard of care worldwide, they are associated with significant adverse effects. Miltefosine, an oral medication, is United States (US) Food and Drug Administration approved to treat CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania panamensis. Evidence of efficacy in other species and side-effect profiles in CL has been limited. Methods Twenty-six patients with CL were treated with miltefosine at the US National Institutes of Health. Species included L. braziliensis (n = 7), L. panamensis (n = 5), Leishmania mexicana (n = 1), Leishmania infantum (n = 3), Leishmania aethiopica (n = 4), Leishmania tropica (n = 2), Leishmania major (n = 1), and unspeciated (n = 3). Demographic and clinic characteristics of the participants, response to treatment, and associated adverse events were analyzed. Results Treatment with miltefosine resulted in cure in 77 % (20/26) of cases, with cures among all species. Common adverse events included nausea/vomiting (97%) and lack of appetite (54%). Clinical management or dose reduction was required in a third of cases. Gout occurred in 3 individuals with a prior history of gout. Most laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatinine and aminotransferases, were mild and normalized after treatment. Conclusions Our data suggest that miltefosine has good but imperfect efficacy to a wide variety of Leishmania species. While side effects were common and mostly mild to moderate, some resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Due to oral administration, broad efficacy, and manageable toxicities, miltefosine is a viable alternative treatment option for CL, though cost and lack of local availability may limit its widespread use.

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