scholarly journals Pathogenicity Mechanism of Candida albicans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snigdha Pattnaik ◽  
Laxmidhar Maharana ◽  
Manoj Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Normal Human

In normal human microbiome, the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a crucial member. C. albicans resides mostly in individual as harmless commensal life. In specific situations, however, C. albicans can cause diseases that cause contaminations of the skin to life-threatening fundamental contaminations. Pathogenesis of Candida species is contributed by multiple factors. Some of the major contributors are enlisted here. These include host pathogen interaction, receptors molecule like TLR recognition, TLR signaling, C type lectin receptors, Dectin 1,2 and 3, mannose receptor, mincle, DC sign, Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes, soluble molecules in candida recognition, cellular responses to candida such as neutrophils, macrophages. This chapter enlightens all the components of candida pathogenicity by the assessment of Candida species pathogenic determinants. All together these will explain the current knowledge about how these determinant factors and receptors modulate virulence as well as consequent infection. Better understanding of candida pathogenicity mechanism can be the resultant of better treatment guidelines along with development of novel antifungal agents. Overall, in this review we present an update in the current understanding of the insight of pathogenicity mechanisms in this important human pathogen.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus LA401 and Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 Combination Attenuates Oesophageal and Gastrointestinal Candidiasis and Consequent Gut Inflammation in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Hélène Authier ◽  
Marie Salon ◽  
Mouna Rahabi ◽  
Bénédicte Bertrand ◽  
Claude Blondeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Lactobacillus Helveticus ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Lactobacillus Gasseri ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes mucosal gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis tightly associated with gut inflammatory status. The emergence of drug resistance, the side effects of currently available antifungals and the high frequency of recurrent candidiasis indicate that new and improved therapeutics are needed. Probiotics have been suggested as a useful alternative for the management of candidiasis. We demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 alone or combined with Lactobacillus helveticus LA401 in Candida albicans-infected mice decrease the Candida colonization of the oesophageal and GI tract, highlighting a protective role for these strains in C. albicans colonization. Interestingly, the probiotic combination significantly modulates the composition of gut microbiota towards a protective profile and consequently dampens inflammatory and oxidative status in the colon. Moreover, we showed that L. helveticus LA401 and/or L. gasseri LA806 orient macrophages towards a fungicidal phenotype characterized by a C-type lectin receptors signature composed of Dectin-1 and Mannose receptor. Our findings suggest that the use of the LA401 and LA806 combination might be a promising strategy to manage GI candidiasis and the inflammation it causes by inducing the intrinsic antifungal activities of macrophages. Thus, the probiotic combination is a good candidate for managing GI candidiasis by inducing fungicidal functions in macrophages while preserving the GI integrity by modulating the microbiota and inflammation.

scholarly journals The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe d'Enfert ◽  
Ann-Kristin Kaune ◽  
Leovigildo-Rey Alaban ◽  
Sayoni Chakraborty ◽  
Nathaniel Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fungal Host ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Antifungal Immunity ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Immune Defences ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.

BK virus: microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakrapol Sriaroon ◽  
John N. Greene ◽  
Albert L. Vincent ◽  
Veronica T. Tucci ◽  
Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract Background: BK virus infection is common but is usually asymptomatic. However, it can become life threatening as severe hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) or the polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) particularly in immune compromised and transplant recipients. Some investigators have studied the pathophysiology and there are anecdotal and uncontrolled studies of therapy with few conclusions allowing treatment guidelines. Objectives: Summarize literature review of current knowledge concerning the nature, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this common virus infection. Results: HC is a not uncommon and often misdiagnosed infection from BK virus. It is usually self limited but can become life threatening in immune compromised patients. PVAN threatens survival of transplanted kidneys and is difficult to differentiate from rejection without sophisticated molecular diagnostic technology. We have sufficient information for making a diagnosis of BK virus disease by using clinical, serological and molecular technology. Studies using manipulation of immunosuppression and a variety of antiviral agents, including cidofovir, leflunomide, intravenous immunoglobulin, vidarabine, fluroquinolones, have been published but most were uncontrolled reports of few cases. Cidofovir offers some promise but more must be learned before there is hope for evidence-based treatment guidelines.

scholarly journals Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Ketan Kolekar ◽  
Swagata Tambe ◽  
Rashmi Aderao ◽  
Chitra Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Candida Dubliniensis ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus ◽  
Life Threatening

Candida, a commensal dimorphic fungus, is the most common microorganism that causes opportunistic fungal infections worldwide. It can cause diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to disseminated, systemic life-threatening infections. Among Candida species, Candida albicans is the most common infectious agent. Nowadays, non- albicans Candida species are also emerging as significant pathogens. Candida dubliniensis has been implicated as a causative agent of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected individuals but has also been recovered from HIV non-infected individuals with oral candidiasis and rarely from the genital tract of women with vaginitis. Such cases have been under-reported due to phenotypic resemblance to C. albicans. The majority of C. dubliniensis clinical isolates tested to date have been susceptible to fluconazole, but they tend to develop resistance rapidly. Here, we report a case of chronic vulvovaginitis due to C. dubliniensis not responding to standard doses of fluconazole.

Candida, the Opportunistic Human Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 981 ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
Sakina Shahabudin ◽  
Nina Suhaity Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Opportunistic Human Pathogen

Candida species are known human pathogens that have caused high morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. Candida albicans can switch forms from yeast to hyphae, in which both forms are virulent. Due to its commensal status in normal human microflora, C. albicans poses a virtual threat to humankind because of their dimorphism ability under opportunistic environmental conditions. Because of the increased usage of prophylactic antifungal agents in the treatment of candidiasis, reports of Candida species developing antifungal resistance are increasing. Recent observations of cross-reaction between different classes of antifungal drugs that could yield multidrug-resistant pathogenic Candida species are concerns that need to be urgently addressed.

scholarly journals Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Achkar ◽  
Bettina C. Fries
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Genitourinary Tract ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Candida Infections

SUMMARYAll humans are colonized withCandidaspecies, mostlyCandida albicans, yet some develop diseases due toCandida, among which genitourinary manifestations are extremely common. The forms of genitourinary candidiasis are distinct from each other and affect different populations. While vulvovaginal candidiasis affects mostly healthy women, candiduria occurs typically in elderly, hospitalized, or immunocompromised patients and in neonates. Despite its high incidence and clinical relevance, genitourinary candidiasis is understudied, and therefore, important questions about pathogenesis and treatment guidelines remain to be resolved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about genitourinary candidiasis.

Ion Channel Remodelling in Atrial Fibrillation

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Voigt ◽  
Dobromir Dobrev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Drugs ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and is associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with stroke being the most critical complication. Present drugs used for the therapy of AF (antiarrhythmics and anticoagulants) have major limitations, including incomplete efficacy, risks of life-threatening proarrhythmic events and bleeding complications. Non-pharmacological ablation procedures are efficient and apparently safe, but the very large size of the patient population allows ablation treatment of only a small number of patients. These limitations largely result from limited knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of AF and there is a hope that a better understanding of the molecular basis of AF may lead to the discovery of safer and more effective therapeutic targets. This article reviews the current knowledge about AF-related ion-channel remodelling and discusses how these alterations might affect the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Resveratrol: A new potential therapeutic agent for melanoma?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hossein Pourhanifeh ◽  
Kazem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi ◽  
Mohammad Goodarzi ◽  
Sara G.M. Piccirillo ◽  
Alimohammad Shafiee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Apoptosis Inducer ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
First Time

: Melanoma is the most life-threatening and aggressive class of skin malignancies. The incidence of melanoma has steadily increased. Metastatic melanoma is greatly resistant to standard anti-melanomatreatments such as chemotherapy, and 5-year survival rate of cases with melanoma who have metastatic form of disease is less than 10%. The contributing role of apoptosis, angiogenesis and autophagy in the pathophysiology of melanoma has been previously demonstrated. Thus, it is extremely urgent to search for complementary therapeutic approachesthat couldenhance the quality of life of subjects and reduce treatment resistance and adverse effects. Resveratrol, known as a polyphenol component present in grapes and some plants, has anti-cancer properties due to its function as an apoptosis inducer in tumor cells, and anti-angiogenic agent to prevent metastasis. However, more clinical trials should be conducted to prove resveratrol efficacy. : Herein, for first time, we summarize current knowledge of anti-cancerous activities of resveratrol in melanoma.

The Chemistry of Drugs to Treat Candida albicans

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (28) ◽  
pp. 2554-2566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelio Ortiz ◽  
Estibaliz Sansinenea
Keyword(s):  
Candida Species ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Antifungal Substances ◽  
High Level ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Level Resistance

Background:: Candida species are in various parts of the human body as commensals. However, they can cause local mucosal infections and, sometimes, systemic infections in which Candida species can spread to all major organs and colonize them. Objective:: For the effective treatment of the mucosal infections and systemic life-threatening fungal diseases, a considerably large number of antifungal drugs have been developed and used for clinical purposes that comprise agents from four main drug classes: the polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and antimetabolites. Method: : The synthesis of some of these drugs is available, allowing synthetic modification of the molecules to improve the biological activity against Candida species. The synthetic methodology for each compound is reviewed. Results: : The use of these compounds has caused a high-level resistance against these drugs, and therefore, new antifungal substances have been described in the last years. The organic synthesis of the known and new compounds is reported. Conclusion: : This article summarizes the chemistry of the existing agents, both the old drugs and new drugs, in the treatment of infections due to C. albicans, including the synthesis of the existing drugs.

scholarly journals The Diverse Calpain Family in Trypanosomatidae: Functional Proteins Devoid of Proteolytic Activity?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Vítor Ennes-Vidal ◽  
Marta Helena Branquinha ◽  
André Luis Souza dos Santos ◽  
Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Calpain Inhibitors

Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine peptidases that were originally described in mammals and, thereafter, their homologues were identified in almost all known living organisms. The deregulated activity of these peptidases is associated with several pathologies and, consequently, huge efforts have been made to identify selective inhibitors. Trypanosomatids, responsible for life-threatening human diseases, possess a large and diverse family of calpain sequences in their genomes. Considering that the current therapy to treat trypanosomatid diseases is limited to a handful of drugs that suffer from unacceptable toxicity, tough administration routes, like parenteral, and increasing treatment failures, a repurposed approach with calpain inhibitors could be a shortcut to successful chemotherapy. However, there is a general lack of knowledge about calpain functions in these parasites and, currently, the proteolytic activity of these proteins is still an open question. Here, we highlight the current research and perspectives on trypanosomatid calpains, overview calpain description in these organisms, and explore the potential of targeting the calpain system as a therapeutic strategy. This review gathers the current knowledge about this fascinating family of peptidases as well as insights into the puzzle: are we unable to measure calpain activity in trypanosomatids, or are the functions of these proteins devoid of proteolytic activity in these parasites?

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