scholarly journals Rheology of Mud: An Overview for Ports and Waterways Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shakeel ◽  
Alex Kirichek ◽  
Claire Chassagne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Fluid Mud ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Cohesive Material

Mud, a cohesive material, consists of water, clay minerals, sand, silt and small quantities of organic matter (i.e., biopolymers). Amongst the different mud layers formed by human or natural activities, the fluid mud layer found on top of all the others is quite important from navigational point of view in ports and waterways. Rheological properties of fluid mud layers play an important role in navigation through fluid mud and in fluid mud transport. However, the rheological properties of mud are known to vary as a function of sampling location within a port, sampling depth and sampling location across the globe. Therefore, this variability in rheological fingerprint of mud requires a detailed and systematic analysis. This chapter presents two different sampling techniques and the measured rheological properties of mud, obtained from laboratory experiments. The six protocols used to measure the yield stresses are detailed and compared. Furthermore, the empirical or semi-empirical models that are commonly used to fit rheological experimental data of such systems are presented. The influence of different factors such as density and organic matter content on the rheological behavior of mud is discussed. The fluidic yield stress of mud samples was observed to vary from 0.2 Pa to 500 Pa as a function of density and organic matter content.

The Effects of Fire on Archaeological Soils and Sediments: Temperature and Colour Relationships

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Canti ◽  
N. Linford
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soil Heating ◽  
Fundamental Building Block ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Key Questions

Although fire is a fundamental building block of interpretation, details of its effect on archaeological substrates are still poorly understood. The key questions, from an interpretative point of view, are the level of heating produced in the soil underneath different fires and the degree of reddening preserved in the final stratigraphy. This paper explores these questions by examination of previous studies and through a series of instrumented experimental fires. We conclude that, although there is some variation, temperatures beneath most surface-built fires remain below 500° C and reddening of the soil happens only rarely. These two generalisations are, however, linked in a complex way which is not fully clarified. Some sediments redden dramatically at temperatures commonly found under the experimental fires and in the literature on soil heating, while others fail to redden even at significantly higher temperatures. These ‘anomalies’ could relate to either organic matter content or chemical variations affecting the progress of the iron oxide transformations that lead to soil reddening.

scholarly journals SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LEAF NUTRIENTS OF 'PACOVAN' BANANA UNDER TWO COVER CROPS

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ EGÍDIO FLORI ◽  
GERALDO MILANEZ DE RESENDE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Banana Crop

ABSTRACT: Banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, which is grown in most tropical countries. The objective of this work was to evaluate the main attributes of soil fertility in a banana crop under two cover crops and two root development locations. The work was conducted in Curaçá, BA, Brazil, between October 2011 and May 2013, using a randomized block design in split plot with five repetitions. Two cover crops were assessed in the plots, the cover 1 consisting of Pueraria phaseoloides, and the cover 2 consisting of a crop mix with Sorghum bicolor, Ricinus communis L., Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima and Zea mays, and two soil sampling locations in the subplots, between plants in the banana rows (location 1) and between the banana rows (location 2). There were significant and independent effects for the cover crop and sampling location factors for the variables organic matter, Ca and P, and significant effects for the interaction between cover crops and sampling locations for the variables potassium, magnesium and total exchangeable bases. The cover crop mix and the between-row location presented the highest organic matter content. Potassium was the nutrient with the highest negative variation from the initial content and its leaf content was below the reference value, however not reducing the crop yield. The banana crop associated with crop cover using the crop mix provided greater availability of nutrients in the soil compared to the coverage with tropical kudzu.

scholarly journals Porównanie różnych metod oznaczania zawartości substancji organicznej

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Łądkiewicz ◽  
Krystyna Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Wszędyrówny-Nast
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Geotechnical Parameters ◽  
Different Temperatures

From point of view geotechnical parameters evaluation (classifications, interpretations) it is important to determine organic matter content correctly. Most frequently approach is to use for that purpose direct method – loss on ignition at different temperatures. Key factors which influence choosing that approach are: simplicity of this method and non-complex equipment. Thereby, much less used are indirect methods – volumetric. One of indirect methods is common known Tiurin’s method. Organic matter content depends not only from applied method. In case of direct method – loss on ignition at different temperatures, temperature which is applied in examination has also influence on organic matter content. The following article presents results of examinations which gave opportunity to determine to what extent chosen method influences value of organic matter content. The authors were investigated what infl uence has applied temperature in the loss of ignition method. For that purpose as a reference Tiurin’s method was chosen, which generally outputs values lower than the method loss on ignition at different temperatures.

scholarly journals Agronomic Characteristics of the Compost-Bedded Pack Made with Forest Biomass or Sawdust

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Lourdes Llonch ◽  
Cecilia Gordo ◽  
Marga López ◽  
Lorena Castillejos ◽  
Alfred Ferret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Bedding Materials

To ascertain the agronomic value of the material resulting from the compost-bedded pack (CBP) in dairy barns, a cross-over experiment was designed with eight dry non-pregnant Holstein cows. The study was performed in two 11-week periods. Bedding materials used were: (1) CBP with sawdust (S) and (2) CBP with forest biomass (FB). Samples were taken from the raw bedding materials and from the CBP across the experiment. We conducted an additional study preparing two piles, one of each CBP material, to accomplish a composting process of 3 months, where samples were also taken. Granulometry and some chemical composition characteristics of FB made it a suitable bedding material to be used as CBP, but its high moisture content limited the ability to absorb liquid manure. Both the degree of stability of the organic matter and the temperature evolution of CBP suggest that a real composting process did not occur. Finally, the composting process of the piles did not lead to any relevant change in CBP materials. From the agronomic point of view, S and FB present potentially valuable characteristics as regards organic amendment in the soil, thanks to their high organic matter content and low nutrient content.

scholarly journals Rheological analysis of mud from Port of Hamburg, Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2553-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shakeel ◽  
Alex Kirichek ◽  
Claire Chassagne
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Fluid Mud ◽  
Frequency Sweep ◽  
Rheological Analysis ◽  
Stress Dependent

Abstract Purpose An innovative way to define navigable fluid mud layers is to make use of their rheological properties, in particular their yield stress. In order to help the development of in situ measurement techniques, it is essential that the key rheological parameters are estimated beforehand. Is there only one yield stress? In which shear rate/shear stress range is yield expected to occur? How is yield stress dependent on depths and locations in the harbor? In order to answer these questions, we investigated the changes in the rheological properties of mud from along the river stream in the Port of Hamburg, Germany, using a recently developed laboratory protocol. Materials and methods In this study, a detailed rheological analysis was carried out on the mud samples collected from different locations and depths of the Port of Hamburg. A variety of rheological tests was performed including: stress sweep tests, flow curves, thixotropic tests, oscillatory amplitude, and frequency sweep tests. Results and discussion The yield stresses of sediments from different locations were significantly dissimilar from each other due to differences in densities and organic matter content. Two yield stresses (termed static and fluidic) were observed for every sample and linearly correlated to each other. The thixotropic studies showed that all mud samples, except from one location, displayed a combination of thixotropic and anti-thixotropic behaviors. The results of frequency sweep tests showed the solid-like character of the sediments within the linear viscoelastic limit. The yield stresses, thixotropy, and moduli of the mud samples increased by going deeper into the sediment bed due to the increase in density of the sediments. Conclusions This study confirmed the applicability of the recently developed protocol as a fast and reliable tool to measure the yield stresses of sediments from different locations and depths in the Port of Hamburg. The fluid mud layer, in all the locations it was observed, exhibited relatively small yield stress values and weak thixotropic behavior. This confirms that despite the fact that rheology of fluid mud is complex, this layer can be navigable.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Collected from Chandrabhaga River in Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Amita M Watkar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Agricultural Land Management ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.

scholarly journals Soil nitrogen supply of peat grasslands estimated by degree days and soil organic matter content

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
J. Pijlman ◽  
G. Holshof ◽  
W. van den Berg ◽  
G. H. Ros ◽  
J. W. Erisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Supply
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