Changes in the Nutrient Composition of Barley Grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and of Morphological Fractions of Sprouts

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2021/9968864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Luis T. Ortiz ◽

Susana Velasco ◽

Jesús Treviño ◽

Beatriz Jiménez ◽

Almudena Rebolé

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Relative Concentration ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Residual Structure ◽

Protein Amino Acids ◽

Barley Grains ◽

Green Shoot

The objectives of the current study were (1) to evaluate the effect of sprouting on protein, amino acids, fats, fatty acids, starch, total soluble carbohydrates, and ß-D-glucan content of barley grains and (2) to know the content of these nutrients in the morphological fractions of sprouts: green shoot, residual structure of sprouted grain (RSSG), residual structure of sprouted grain plus unsprouted grain (RSSG plus UG), and root fractions and to determine the proportion of each of these fractions (on fresh and dry basis) in the sprout biomass. Barley grain was sprouted in a commercial germination chamber for a period of 6 days. Raw grain was used as a control. Results showed that crude protein, ether extract, total soluble carbohydrates, and cellulose content increased, whereas starch and ß-D-glucan content decreased in sprouted when compared with the control grain. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles were also affected. Thus, aspartic acid, threonine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan content increased and only that of glutamic acid decreased after sprouting. Regarding fatty acids, an increase in the relative concentration of C18 : 0 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in that of C18:1n-9 were detected. Partitioning of sprouted barley into three morphological component fractions showed that the residual structures of sprouted grains plus unsprouted grain fraction made up 82.9% and 93.6% of sprout biomass, on fresh and DM basis, respectively, and the remainder was provided by the root fraction, 10.3% and 3.2%, respectively, and by the green shoot fraction, 6.8% and 3.1%, respectively. The three morphological fractions differed in the content of the most analyzed nutrients.

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Analysis and mapping quantitative trait loci for histidine content in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using microsatellite markers

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution ◽

10.1007/s10722-021-01121-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lingfang Yan ◽

Xiaomeng Yang ◽

Zhenghai Sun ◽

Juan Du ◽

Xiaoying Pu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Barley Chromosome ◽

Contribution Rate ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer ◽

Chromosome 4H ◽

Barley Grains ◽

Major Qtl

AbstractMining the gene of histidine content in barley grain helps with the breeding of functional barley varieties. The study constructed a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) containing 193 families derived from the cross between Ziguangmangluoerling (ZGMLEL) (♀) and Schooner No.3 (♂). The histidine (HIS) content in the grain of the mapping population and its parents were determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer. The HIS content of ZGMLEL was 0.53 mg/g. The grain HIS content of Schooner No. 3 was 0.21 mg/g, and the grain HIS content of population ranged from 0.23 to 0.54. Genetic linkage maps, including those of seven chromosomes of barley, were constructed by using 180 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, with a total genetic distance of 2671.03 cM and average marker spacing of 14.84 cM. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) IciMappingV3.3 was used to analyze QTL of HIS content in barley grains, and three QTLs were detected. Mapping results showed that the three loci were located on chromosomes 2H, 4H, and 7H, respectively. The major QTL with a contribution rate of 10.11% was located on barley chromosome 4H (HVBAMMGB84-BMAG0808). The additive effect is positive (0.025). Thus, it comes from the high-value parent ZGMLEL. Another major QTL with a contribution rate of 13.75% was located on barley chromosome 7H (GBM1303-GMS056). The minor QTL with a contribution rate of 6.01% was located on chromosome 2H (Scssr03381-Scssr07759). The additive effects of 4H and 7H QTLs were negative (− 0.02 and − 0.033). So, they came from the male parent Schooner. The results provided a reference for further fine mapping, cloning, and transformation of HIS genes in barley grains.

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Micro-Water Harvesting and Soil Amendment Increase Grain Yields of Barley on a Heavy-Textured Alkaline Sodic Soil in a Rainfed Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 713

Author(s):

Edward G. Barrett-Lennard ◽

Rushna Munir ◽

Dana Mulvany ◽

Laine Williamson ◽

Glen Riethmuller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Solution ◽

Elemental Sulfur ◽

Root Zone ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Water Harvesting ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Salt Leaching

This paper focuses on the adverse effects of soil sodicity and alkalinity on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a rainfed environment in south-western Australia. These conditions cause the accumulation of salt (called ‘transient salinity’) in the root zone, which decreases the solute potential of the soil solution, particularly at the end of the growing season as the soil dries. We hypothesized that two approaches could help overcome this stress: (a) improved micro-water harvesting at the soil surface, which would help maintain soil hydration, decreasing the salinity of the soil solution, and (b) soil amelioration using small amounts of gypsum, elemental sulfur or gypsum plus elemental sulfur, which would ensure greater salt leaching. In our experiments, improved micro-water harvesting was achieved using a tillage technique consisting of exaggerated mounds between furrows and the covering of these mounds with plastic sheeting. The combination of the mounds and the application of a low rate of gypsum in the furrow (50 kg ha−1) increased yields of barley grain by 70% in 2019 and by 57% in 2020, relative to a control treatment with conventional tillage, no plastic sheeting and no amendment. These increases in yield were related to changes in ion concentrations in the soil and to changes in apparent electrical conductivity measured with the EM38.

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Determination of soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids in soils and biological media

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600013368 ◽

1929 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 649-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Subrahmanyan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Biological Media ◽

Factors Affecting

Methods for extraction, concentration and determination of minute quantities of soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids have been described. Different factors affecting the accuracy of the determinations have been studied and corrections, where necessary, have been suggested.

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Effect of shading and nitrogen application on yield, grain size distribution and concentrations of nitrogen and water soluble carbohydrates in malting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

European Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1016/s1161-0301(97)00001-4 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (3-4) ◽

pp. 275-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

C. Grashoff ◽

L.F. d'Antuono

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Grain Size Distribution ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrates

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Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas10059 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 147-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Riazuddin Mohammed ◽

Reza Khorasani ◽

Laksiri Goonewardene ◽

John Kramer ◽

John Kennelly

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Fat ◽

De Novo ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Control Diet ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Test Diet ◽

Barley Silage

Mohammed, R., Khorasani, R. G., Goonewardene, L. A., Kramer, J. K. G. and Kennelly, J. J. 2011. Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 147–167. A long-term lactation study was undertaken to determine whether the previously reported short-term persistency in vaccenic acid [VA; trans(t)11-18:1] and rumenic acid (RA) could be maintained. To test this hypothesis, 24 Holstein cows were allotted to two experimental diets (control and test) from 2 wk before calving until they were 270 d in milk (DIM). The test diet was similar to the control diet, but supplemented with sunflower seed (11.2% diet DM), fish oil (0.5%) and monensin (22 mg/kg DM) by replacing an equivalent amount of barley grain. The forage: concentrate ratio was 50:50 (DM basis) with 35% barley silage and 15% alfalfa hay. Milk was sampled every fortnight from the start of lactation until cows were 270 DIM. Data obtained were averaged into three equal periods of 90 d each, representing three stages of lactation (SOL): early-lactation (EL), mid-lactation (ML) and late-lactation (LL). Dry matter intakes were not different between treatments with greater intakes observed during ML than during EL or LL. Milk yield was not different between treatments and decreased with increasing DIM. Milk fat content and yield showed interaction between treatment and SOL with lower values observed for the test diet than control diet during EL and ML. De novo synthesized fatty acids (4:0–15:0), 16:0–16:1 and preformed fatty acids (17:0 and above) showed interaction between treatment and SOL with the former two being greater for control diet than test diet and the latter greater for the test diet than control diet within each SOL. Milk t10-18:1 (% fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) was greater for the test diet compared with control diet (4.38 vs. 1.32) and was greater during ML (3.79) than during EL (2.38) or LL (2.38). Milk VA and RA showed interactions between treatment and SOL with greater values observed for the test diet than the control diet within each SOL. When analyzed by treatment, milk VA was not different across SOL for both diets. Milk RA was not different across SOL for the test diet, but was different for the control diet; it was lower during EL than during ML. Step-wise regression analysis revealed that the variability in milk RA for the control diet (P<0.01; R2=0.97) was determined by VA (70%) and RA/VA (27%); and for the test diet (P<0.01; R2=0.987) by VA (88.7%), RA/VA (5%) and t10-18:1 (3.8%). Desaturase index based on RA/VA showed an interaction between treatment and SOL; it was greater for the control diet than the test diet within each SOL. Overall findings revealed that the differences in milk t10- and VA across SOL reflected possible differences in starch and PUFA intakes, respectively. Differences in milk RA across SOL for the control diet could be attributed to possible differences in mammary desaturase activity based on differences in RA/VA.

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Changes in Fumitory Achenes During Low Temperature After-Ripening

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500027065 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 310-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Larry S. Jeffery ◽

John D. Nalewaja

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Ethyl Alcohol ◽

Longitudinal Section ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Ripening Period ◽

Embryo Size ◽

Moist Sand ◽

Fumaria Officinalis

Fumitory (Fumaria officinalisL.) achenes were after-ripened in moist sand at 4 C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Embryo size in longitudinal section increased 14 times during after-ripening. The percentage of ether soluble lipids and their fatty acids remained constant during the entire after-ripening period. Soluble carbohydrates were the highest at the 45-day period of after-ripening when embryo growth was rapid. The concentration of 70% ethyl alcohol soluble amino acids increased gradually over the first 45 days of after-ripening and decreased over the last 15 days as embryo growth became more rapid.

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Transcriptional Dynamics of Grain Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20040962 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 962 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jianxin Bian ◽

Pingchuan Deng ◽

Haoshuang Zhan ◽

Xiaotong Wu ◽

Mutthanthirige Nishantha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Rna Editing ◽

Signal Transduction Pathway ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Grain Development ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Functional Studies ◽

Transcriptional Dynamics

Grain development, as a vital process in the crop’s life cycle, is crucial for determining crop quality and yield. However, the molecular basis and regulatory network of barley grain development is not well understood at present. Here, we investigated the transcriptional dynamics of barley grain development through RNA sequencing at four developmental phases, including early prestorage phase (3 days post anthesis (DPA)), late prestorage or transition phase (8 DPA), early storage phase (13 DPA), and levels off stages (18 DPA). Transcriptome profiling found that pronounced shifts occurred in the abundance of transcripts involved in both primary and secondary metabolism during grain development. The transcripts’ activity was decreased during maturation while the largest divergence was observed between the transitions from prestorage phase to storage phase, which coincided with the physiological changes. Furthermore, the transcription factors, hormone signal transduction-related as well as sugar-metabolism-related genes, were found to play a crucial role in barley grain development. Finally, 4771 RNA editing events were identified in these four development stages, and most of the RNA editing genes were preferentially expressed at the prestore stage rather than in the store stage, which was significantly enriched in “essential” genes and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. These results suggested that RNA editing might act as a ‘regulator’ to control grain development. This study systematically dissected the gene expression atlas of barley grain development through transcriptome analysis, which not only provided the potential targets for further functional studies, but also provided insights into the dynamics of gene regulation underlying grain development in barley and beyond.

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Immunological Identification of Organ Specific Proteins and Transcripts in Developing Barley Grains

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1993-7-814 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 48 (7-8) ◽

pp. 609-615

Author(s):

Helge Klungland ◽

Marie Bosnes

Keyword(s):

Specific Protein ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Starchy Endosperm ◽

Sds Page ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Specific Proteins ◽

Barley Grains ◽

Immunological Identification

In vitro translated proteins from poly(A+)RNA of immature barley starchy endosperm and embryos were immunoadsorbed with antibodies raised against proteins of aleurone layers, starchy endosperm and embryos. Four starchy endosperm and eight embryo specific transcripts were detected. In addition, several mRNA s were restricted to only two of the three tissues.Comparing SDS-PAGE patterns of the in vivo protein extracts against which the antibodies were raised, four aleurone, six starchy endosperm and four embryo-specific protein bands were detectable. As for the in vitro translated proteins, several in vivo protein bands were here present in only two of the three tissues. Of eight known barley grain proteins for which antibodies were available, only three were present in developing embryos.

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Enteric methane emissions in response to ruminal inoculation of Propionibacterium strains in beef cattle fed a mixed diet

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14801 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Vyas ◽

A. Alazzeh ◽

S. M. McGinn ◽

T. A. McAllister ◽

O. M. Harstad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Enteric Methane ◽

Barley Silage

The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of Propionibacterium strains to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions in beef heifers fed a mixed diet. An experiment was conducted with 16 ruminally cannulated beef heifers fed a basal diet consisting of 60 : 40 barley silage : barley grain (DM basis). Treatments included: (1) Control, (2) Propionibacterium freudenreichii T114, (3) P. thoenii T159, and (4) P. freudenreichii T54. Strains (1 × 1011 colony forming units) were administered daily directly into the rumen before feeding. No treatment effects were observed for DM intake (P = 0.90), mean ruminal pH (P = 0.50) and total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.44). However, compared with the Control, proportions of individual volatile fatty acids changed with acetate being less with Propionibacterium T159 (P = 0.02), whereas ruminal isobutyrate (P < 0.01) and acetate : propionate ratio (P = 0.04) were greater with Propionibacterium T114. Total daily enteric CH4 production averaged 188 g/day and was not affected by Propionbacterium strains (P = 0.51). Methane yield averaged 22 g/kg of DMI intake and tended to be greater with Propionibacterium strains (P = 0.08). The relative abundance of total Propionibacteria was greater with the inoculation of Propionibacterium T159 relative to the Control heifers (P = 0.04). In conclusion, inoculation of Propionibacterium T159 decreased ruminal acetate proportion and Propionibacterium T114 increased acetate : propionate ratio. However, inoculated strains failed to lower total CH4 emissions possibly due to the inability of Propionibacterium strains to elevate ruminal propionate concentrations.

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