Validation Strategy as a Part of the European Gas Network Protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rehak ◽  
Martin Hromada ◽  
Ilias Gkotsis ◽  
Anna Gazi ◽  
Evita Agrafioti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
End Users ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Network Protection ◽  
Pressure Transmission ◽  
Business Cases ◽  
Transmission And Distribution ◽  
Validation Strategy

The European gas network currently includes approximately 200,000 km high pressure transmission and distribution pipelines. The needs and requirements of this network are focused on risk-based security asset management, impacts and cascading effects of cyber-physical attacks on interdependent and interconnected European Gas grids. The European SecureGas project tackles these issues by implementing, updating, and incrementally improving extended components, which are contextualized, customized, deployed, demonstrated and validated in three business cases, according to scenarios defined by the end-users. Just validation is considered to be a key end activity, the essence of which is the evaluation of the proposed solution to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. Therefore, the chapter deals with the validation strategy that can be implemented for the verification of these objectives and evaluation of technological based solutions which aim to strengthen the resilience of the European gas network.

scholarly journals Analysis of Various Options for Balancing Power Systems’ Peak Load

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Henryk Majchrzak ◽  
Michał Kozioł
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
End Users ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Continuous Energy ◽  
Storage Solutions ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The balancing of the power of the Polish Power System (KSE) is a key element in ensuring the safety of electric energy supplies to end users. This article presents an analysis of the power demand in power systems (PS), with emphasis on the typical power variability both in subsequent hours of the day and on particular days and in particular months each year. The methodology for calculating the costs of electric energy undelivered to the end users and the amount of these costs for KSE is presented. Different possibilities have been analyzed for balancing power systems’ peak load and assumptions have been formulated for calculating the amount of the related costs. On this basis, a comparative analysis has been made of the possibility to balance peak load using operators’ system services, trans-border connections, and various energy storage solutions. On the basis of the obtained results, optimal tools have been proposed for market-based influence from transmission and distribution system operators on energy market participants’ behaviors in order to ensure the power systems’ operating safety and continuous energy deliveries to end users.

TAP Project

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Maria Spinelli ◽  
Furio Marchersani
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Very High

International gas market development is towards very long transportation distances (3000–6000 km); the only suitable onshore technology to conjugate economics, large amount of gas conveyed and possibility to exploit remote gas fields appears to be the Very High Pressure (P > 14 MPa), Very High Strength Steel (Steel grade X100 API 5L [1] equivalent) option. Eni Group is going to sponsor a 3 years long project, called TAP (Trasporto gas Alta Pressione) [High Pressure gas Transportation] aimed to demonstrate: • economic evaluation; • technology reliability; • real possibility to build Very High Pressure Pipeline. The project itself is framed into five logical areas: • Evaluation of the applicability of alternative technological solution in extreme enterprise; • Technological innovation, mainly within Eni Group; • FEED (Front End Engineering Development) for strategic route gas pipeline and comparison with LNG option; • Demonstrative construction of a High Strength Steel (X80) pipeline section on Snam Rete Gas Network in Italy; • Demonstrative construction of a Very High Strength Steel (X100 API equivalent) provisioning pilot section pipeline. To achieve this object Eni has involved: • Eni Gas & Power Division as Business Developer; • Snamprogetti as Technology Developer; • Aquater, Enidata, Enitecnologie, Saipem, Snam Rete Gas as specific item expertises; • CSM and Universita` di Bergamo as high qualified partners for lab and full scale testing; • Pipe steel makers and coating producers as fundamental partners to develop new solutions. TAP, within Eni Group, is the final step of a long development research and innovation activity started 8 years ago with two explorative “Long distance pipeline High Grade Steel” projects on Very High Strength Steel performances (strength, toughness, weldability) carried out mainly with the support of Snam, Snamprogetti and Saipem. TAP final goal is to collect, transfer, develop all the possible technological solutions to be ready for building “The pipeline network for Very High Pressure Transportation”.

Infrastructure Decay Modeling With the Input-Output Inoperability Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vhance V. Valencia ◽  
Alfred E. Thal ◽  
John M. Colombi ◽  
William E. Sitzabee
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Infrastructure Network ◽  
Asset Managers ◽  
Infrastructure Interdependency ◽  
Interdependent Infrastructure

Asset management and infrastructure interdependency concepts are found to be useful in the study of infrastructure decay. As such, infrastructure decay is modeled with the input-output inoperability model (IIM), which is a method of analysis that captures cascading effects of a disturbance in interdependent infrastructure systems. This paper presents an extension to the IIM that simplifies the construction of the interdependency matrix central to the model and integrates the use of component decay curves for each component in the system. The revised model results in the ability of infrastructure asset managers to recognize the effect of decay across an entire infrastructure network or multiple networks.

‘We’re Still Hitting Things’: The Effectiveness of Third Party Processes for Pipeline Strike Prevention

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa McDermott ◽  
Jan Hayes
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

High-pressure gas pipelines are vulnerable to damage in the course of building or maintaining other infrastructure, such as roads, water pipelines, electricity or telecommunications cabling. Unlike other countries, there has never been a death or serious injury from a high-pressure gas pipeline strike in Australia and yet external interference continues to be the most common cause of pipeline damage despite a range of technical and legislative measures in place. This research project aims to enhance the safety strategies regarding third party pipeline strikes by giving the pipeline sector a greater understanding of the motivations and priorities of those who work around pipeline assets and so how to work with them to achieve better outcomes. Using data gathered from more than 70 in-depth interviews, we explore empirically alternate understandings of risk amongst a range of stakeholders and individuals that are responsible in some way for work near or around high-pressure gas transmission pipelines in Australia. Outside the pipeline sector, much of the work around pipelines is conducted by those at the bottom of long chains of contractors and sub-contractors. We discuss perceptions of risk held by a range of third party actors whose activities have the potential to threaten gas pipeline integrity. We compare these views with gas pipeline industry perceptions of risk, couched in terms of asset management, public safety, legal and insurance obligations, and reputation management. This paper focuses on how financial risk and so also management of the potential for pipeline strikes is shifted down the third party contractor chain. Added to this, incentives for timely project completion can unintentionally lead to situations where the potential for third party contractors to strike pipelines increases. The data shows that third party contractors feel the time and cost impact of design or project changes most immediately. Consequently, strikes or near misses may result as sub-contractors seek to avoid perceived ‘unnecessary’ time delays along with the associated financial impact. We argue that efforts to reduce the potential for pipeline strike need to be targeted at structural changes, rather than simply aimed at worker risk perception and enforcement of safety compliance strategies.

Gainesville Regional Utilities Kelly Plant Asset Management With Cycling Operation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Hilleman ◽  
John M. Lindsay ◽  
Tim Hinson
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Fuel Storage ◽  
Pumping Equipment ◽  
Business District ◽  
Operational Impacts ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Gainesville Regional Utilities (GRU) is a fully vertically-integrated utility with electric power generation, transmission, and distribution system owned by the City of Gainesville, FL. We have two primary generating plant sites: Deerhaven with two conventional coal-fired steam units (DH1 and DH2) and John R. Kelly (JCC1) combined-cycle Unit 1. Kelly Station (the focus of this study) is located in southeast Gainesville near the downtown business district. It has one - 120 MW combined-cycle unit (JCC1) in 1 × 1 configuration, consisting of: one GE Frame 7E combustion turbine (dual fuel), one Applied Thermal Systems two pressure HRSG, one 50-year old Westinghouse steam turbine unit with cooling tower, fuel storage, pumping equipment, transmission, and distribution equipment. In 2013, GRU with a seasonal peak load of approximately 500 MWs was to start receiving the output of a new 100 MW bio-fuel plant under a purchase power agreement. It was apparent that the operation of the GRU units would drastically change. It was predicted by GRU that DH2 a 255 MW coal unit would move to a cycling duty unit and the Kelly combined-cycle unit would be relegated to “peaking” operation. To better understand and predict future operational impacts, GRU contracted with Intertek AIM (APTECH) to conduct a Cost of Cycling study. This paper is our presentation of the results of the study and the changes that were indicated by the cycling analysis to manage the GRU system at the lowest cost and to incorporate the new modes of cycling operation. The expected modes of operation based on the results of the study were reversed to use the lowest cost unit for frequent cycling of JCC1 and changed the previously base loaded coal unit DH2 into a seasonal unit with long seasonal shut downs. This paper further shows the actions implemented by GRU at Kelly station to improve the cycling response and reduce the damage impact of each cycle by managing the startup ramp rates of the limiting equipment. The plant had limited budget for capital improvements and focused principally on managing the cost by modifying the startup procedures using real time operating data. Our conclusion was that by following the report recommendations, a new “Start Model” produced repeatable and acceptable results that minimized possible damage to the unit while meeting the need to use the renewable energy and support the customer by providing power at the lowest cost. The paper will demonstrate the improvement areas, the actual changes, and the results of those changes to the cycling data and the savings due to reduced damage.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Model a Gas Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ekhtiari ◽  
Ioannis Dassios ◽  
Muyang Liu ◽  
Eoin Syron
Keyword(s):  
Linear System ◽  
End Users ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Non Linear System

The continuous uninterrupted supply of Natural Gas (NG) is crucial to today’s economy, with issues in key infrastructure, e.g., Baumgarten hub in Austria in 2017, highlighting the importance of the NG infrastructure for the supply of primary energy. The balancing of gas supply from a wide range of sources with various end users can be challenging due to the unique and different behaviours of the end users, which in some cases span across a continent. Further complicating the management of the NG network is its role in supporting the electrical network. The fast response times of NG power plants and the potential to store energy in the network play a key role in adding flexibility across other energy systems. Traditionally, modelling the NG network relies on nonlinear pipe flow equations that incorporate the demand (load), flow rate, and physical network parameters including topography and NG properties. It is crucial that the simulations produce accurate results quickly. This paper seeks to provide a novel method to solve gas flow equations through a network under steady-state conditions. Firstly, the model is reformulated into non-linear matrix equations, then the equations separated into their linear and nonlinear components, and thirdly, the non-linear system is solved approximately by providing a linear system with similar solutions to the non-linear one. The non-linear equations of the NG transport system include the main variables and characteristics of a gas network, focusing on pressure drop in the gas network. Two simplified models, both of the Irish gas network (1. A gas network with 13 nodes, 2. A gas network with 109 nodes) are used as a case study for comparison of the solutions. Results are generated by using the novel method, and they are compared to the outputs of two numerical methods, the Newton–Raphson solution using MATLAB and SAINT, a commercial software that is used for the simulation of the gas network and electrical grids.

Combination Application Strategy of Non-Metal Compound Pipe and its Verification

2019 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 873-880
Author(s):  
Yong Qiang Zhang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Gang Yang ◽  
Chuan Ta
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Steel Pipeline ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Composite Pipe ◽  
Pressure Transmission ◽  
Corrosion Problem ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

The service environment of Yanchang oilfield was researched. The corrosion environment of the oil and gas area of Yanchang group is different, the summer rainstorm is frequent and the landslide debris flow is easy to occur. The theoretical analysis and pilot test of pipeline performance have been carried out. We suggest that the steel pipeline, t FRP pipeline and the flexible composite pipe for high pressure transmission can be used in Yanchang group. The combined application strategy of steel pipeline, FRP pipeline and flexible composite pipe for high pressure transmission was proposed and verified. The results show that the combined application strategy effectively slows down the pipeline corrosion problem, reduces pipeline leakage accidents caused by accidental landslides, and reduces environmental pollution accidents caused by accidents such as pipeline corrosion and leakage. The tracking and analysis of pipeline combined application strategy for up to 5 years, the results show that the pipeline combined application strategy is more economical. It is concluded that the combined application strategy of steel pipelines, FRP pipelines and Flexible Composite Pipe for High Pressure Transmissions can ensure smooth operation of pipelines and save costs in the development of oil and gas fields, and it is recommended to popularize.

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