scholarly journals Extensive African Urbanization: The Case of the Mozambican Periphery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Miranda Maloa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Socioeconomic Structure ◽  
Financial Transactions

The aim of this article is to analyze African urbanization, looking specifically at the transformations of Mozambican urban peripheries. To do so, conduct a qualitative research of an exploratory nature, using bibliographic, documentary and photographic survey. The most interesting discoveries of this study started in the 1990s, a period marked by the end of “socialism”, civil war, centrally planned economy, which verified the opening of parents in the current Western capitalist world in the growth of foreign investments and financial transactions. Under the effect of market liberalization. At this moment, everything that is traded and the exchange value overlaps the use value and appropriation of space in exchange for money. In this context, as the peripheral urban cities are transformed into multiplying duplexes, elegant houses those call houses, true “Mozambican palaces” and closed condoms. The establishment of these houses will transform these spaces and gradually expel the low-income population that has existed for a long time, to places very far from the central area, this phenomenon is called gentrification. He concluded that the transformation of Mozambican urban peripheries is influenced by the increase in real estate capital, increase in individual income, ease of acquisition of space and construction material (provided by the expansion of the installation for the exhibition that makes it possible or cheaper). This research is important because it makes an important contribution to the empirical studies on the new neoliberal urbanism that is taking place in Mozambican cities. The limits of this research are due to the lack of funding to carry out a systematic survey of new ventures that will emerge in cities and places far from the center of large cities, such as: Maputo, Beira, Nampula and Matola. It is intended in the future study to demonstrate how to change the socioeconomic structure of the residents of the Mozambican peripheries, characterizing gentrification.

scholarly journals Evaluating the scope and intensity of the conflict trap

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håvard Hegre ◽  
Håvard Mokleiv Nygård ◽  
Ranveig Flaten Ræder
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Impact

Several studies show that internal armed conflict breeds conflict by exacerbating conditions that increase the chances of war breaking out again. Empirically, this ‘conflict trap’ works through four pathways: conflicts increase the likelihood of continuation, recurrence, escalation, and diffusion of conflict. Past empirical studies have underestimated the scope and intensity of the conflict trap since they consider the impact of conflict only through one of these pathways and rarely across sufficiently long time periods. This article shows that simulation and forecasting techniques are useful and indeed necessary to quantify the total, aggregated effect of the conflict trap, over long time periods and across countries. We develop a country-year statistical model that allows estimating the probability of no conflict, minor conflict, and major conflict, and the probabilities of transition between these states. A set of variables denoting the immediate and more distant conflict history of the country are used as endogenous predictors in the simulated forecasts. Another set of variables shown to be robustly associated with armed conflict are treated as exogenous predictors. We show that the conflict trap is even more severe than earlier studies have indicated. For instance, if a large low-income country with no previous conflicts is simulated to have two to three years of conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will have nine more years of conflict over the 2019–40 period than if peace holds up to 2018. Conversely, if a large low-income country that has had major conflict with more than 1,000 battle-related deaths in several of the past ten years succeeds in containing violence to minor conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will experience five fewer years of conflict in the subsequent 20 years than if violence continues unabated.

Ecosan Can Provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations with Benefits for the Millennium Development Goals

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. v. Münch ◽  
G. Amy ◽  
J. F. Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems

This paper describes the potential of ecological sanitation (ecosan) to provide sustainable excreta disposal in emergency situations and in peri-urban areas or slums in developing countries. At the present time, pit latrines are the most common form of excreta disposal both for emergency situations and in low-income peri-urban areas or slums. Although not intended to be a long-term solution, pit latrines provided during emergencies are often used for a long time (more than six months to years). This practice is not sustainable if the area is prone to flooding or there are soil conditions that allow groundwater pollution in areas where groundwater is used for drinking water, to name but two of the main factors. We propose eight criteria for the applicability of ecosan based on analysis of three case studies representing different types of emergency situations. The two most important criteria are awareness and expertise in ecosan within the aid agencies, and availability of standardised, lightweight toilet units that are quick to assemble and easy to transport (e.g. container for faeces, and urine diversion squatting pan made of impact-resistant molded polypropylene). Such toilets could be moved to, or replicated in, other areas in need after the emergency (peri-urban areas or slums). This would provide benefits for Millennium Development Goals achievements (targets on hunger, child mortality, sanitation and slum dwellers) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Costs for sanitation systems should be compared based on the entire system (toilet, transport, treatment, reuse in agriculture), using Net Present Value analysis for capital, and operating and maintenance costs.

Early-Age Autogenous Shrinkage of High-Performance Concrete Columns by Embedded Fiber Bragg-Grating Sensor

2009 ◽  
Vol 419-420 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wei Yun ◽  
Ii Young Jang ◽  
Seong Kyum Kim ◽  
Seung Min Park
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Bragg Grating ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Autogenous Shrinkage ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Bragg Grating ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sensor Temperature

High-performance concrete (HPC) as a promising construction material has been widely used in infrastructures and high-rise buildings etc. However, its pretty high autogenous shrinkage (AS) especially in its early age becomes one of the key problems endangering long-time durability of HPC structures. This paper carried out the early age AS research of large scaled HPC column specimens by embedded Fiber Bragg-Grating (FBG) strain sensor. Temperature compensation for FBG strain sensor by thermocouple was also attempted in this paper, and the results were reasonable and acceptable comparing with the result compensated by FBG temperature sensor. Reinforcement influence, size effect and temperature effect on HPC AS were also analyzed respectively in this paper.

FINANCIAL STABILITY AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE CASE OF SME LENDING

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER J. MORGAN ◽  
VICTOR PONTINES
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Nonperforming Loans ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Negative Impacts

Developing economies are seeking to promote financial inclusion, i.e., greater access to financial services for low-income households and firms. This raises the question of whether greater financial inclusion tends to increase or decrease financial stability. A number of studies have suggested both positive and negative impacts on financial stability, but very few empirical studies have been made. This study focuses on the implications of greater financial inclusion for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for financial stability. It estimates the effects of measures of the share of bank lending to SMEs on two measures of financial stability — bank nonperforming loans and bank Z scores. We find some evidence that an increased share of lending to SMEs aids financial stability by reducing non-performing loans (NPLs) and the probability of default by financial institutions.

scholarly journals Foreign aid on economic growth in Africa: A comparison of low and middle-income countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mengistu Alemu ◽  
Jin-Sang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Theoretical Hypothesis

Previous empirical studies on the effects of foreign aid on economic growth have generated mixed results that make it difficult to draw policy recommendations. The main reason for such mixed results is the choice of a single aggregate list of countries, regardless of the disparities in levels of development. This study therefore fills the development gap by disaggregating the African data into a panel of 20 middle- income and 19 low- income African countries over a period of 15 years between 1995 and 2010, and employing a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model to address the dynamic nature of economic growth as well as the problems of endogeneity. The results of this study support the theoretical hypothesis that a positive relationship between aid and GDP growth exists, but only for low-income African countries, not middle-income ones. On the other hand, the study reveals that middle- income African countries tend to experience a greater impact on their economic growth from foreign direct investment (FDI) and natural resources revenues, mainly oil exports. This implies that the frequent criticism that foreign aid has not contributed to economic growth is flawed, at least in the case of low-income African countries. In fact, foreign aid has played a critical role in stimulating economic growth in such countries through supplementing domestic sources of finance such as savings, thus increasing the amount of investment and capital stock in them.

scholarly journals Krisis Ekonomi, Kesejahteraan dan Tata Pemerintahan yang Baik : Perspektif Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Winata Wira ◽  
Yudhanto Satyagraha Adiputra
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Governance Reform ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Take All

Lessons from recurring economic crises have been of particular concern to the Islamic world. Mostly Islamic countries are of middle and low-income economies that they had been inevitably suffered from extensively negative consequences caused by economic crisis such as  drastic decline in welfare. The accumulation of under-performance institution and complexity of the prevailing socio-economic problems have made recovery efforts either harder steps to take or even further distances to approach merely the pre-crisis level. Using analysis based on Islamic perspective, this paper seeks to explore on economic crises, welfare and hope for good governance would be as a fundamental resilience in times of crisis. From the elaboration of literature review which encompasses thoughts of a number of Islamic economic thinkers as well as empirical studies, Islamic countries should take all determination in good governance reform as it is directed by Islamic teaching to safeguard intact welfare of the Islamic notion of which consists of ad-din (religion), al-maal (wealths), al-aql (intellect), an-nafs (life), and  an-nasl (posterity).  

scholarly journals Narrative Frames as a Course Evaluation Instrument

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Takaaki Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Course Evaluation ◽  
Student Feedback ◽  
Methods Course ◽  
Written Feedback ◽  
Evaluation Instrument ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
Long Time

Although getting student feedback on courses via questionnaires has been practiced for a long time, empirical studies on the topic are not substantial enough, nor are alternatives adequately considered. This study introduces and evaluates an alternative qualitative instrument known as narrative frames, which uses prompts to stimulate written feedback. In order to investigate its feasibility, I collected data from 26 Japanese university students in an English Teaching Methods course. Findings suggest that these narrative frames served as a useful tool for eliciting the students’ experiences in the course, their impressions of it, and its impact on them. These findings led me, as the instructor of the course, to be able to critically reflect on its content. Pedagogical and research implications for the future use of narrative frames are provided. 学生による授業評価アンケートは教育改善のために必要な手段として長年定着しているが、それらに関する研究、またそれに取って代わる手段の議論は不十分である。本論では、質的研究手法の1つで、書き手の文章作成を助長するとされているナラティブフレーム（物語枠組み）を授業評価の手段として用い、その評価を行った。データは英語科教育法を受講した26人の大学生から収集した。結果、ナラティブフレームは授業評価手段としての機能を十分に果たし、学生の授業への印象や彼らが授業から受けた影響の詳細を明らかにできることが分かった。また、これらの結果内容は担当教員が授業を批判的に精査し、振り返り活動を行うことに役立った。本論では最後に、ナラティブフレームの使用、研究に関する提言を行う。

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY OF DEVICE OF FENCING METAL STRUCTURES IN CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Elena Korol ◽  
Zarina Chipova
Keyword(s):  
Underground Structures ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Transport Complex ◽  
Selection Of

Urban motor transport complex engineering structures, the construction of which is carried out for a long time, and the cost is often tunnels of structures. Despite this, urban tunnels remain in demand as a means of solving transport problems, especially for large cities, in areas with dense urban development or an established architectural appearance, the violation of which is unacceptable. The construction of tunnels makes it possible to increase the throughput of highways, especially in places of large intersections, one of the diverting high-intensity transit traffic flows underground, making them invisible on the surface and thus not disrupting the existing historical appearance of the area.

scholarly journals Exploring the Output Effect of Fiscal Policy Shocks in Low Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Honda ◽  
Hiroaki Miyamoto ◽  
Mina Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Output Effect ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Spending Shocks

What do we know about the output effects of fiscal policy in low income countries (LICs)? There are very few empirical studies on the subject. This paper fills this gap by estimating the output effects of government spending shocks in LICs. Our analysis—based on the local projection method—finds that the output effects in LICs are markedly lower than those in AEs and marginally smaller than those in EMs. We also find that in LICs, the output effects are larger (i) during recessions; (ii) under a fixed exchange rate regime; and/or (iii) with higher quality of institutions. Our analysis could not confirm any statistically significant output effect under floating exchange rate regimes. For the estimation of the output effects of fiscal spending shocks, it is thus important to consider the state of the economy and the country’s structural characteristics. Our results imply that the output costs of fiscal adjustment in LICs may not be as large as previously thought, especially if adopted outside of a recession, based on cutting public consumption, and accompanied by reform to enhance institutions.

scholarly journals Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash from Power Co-generation Boilers as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safiki Ainomugisha ◽  
Bisaso Edwin ◽  
Bazairwe Annet
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Concrete has been the world’s most consumed construction material, with over 10 billion tons of concrete annually. This is mainly due to its excellent mechanical and durability properties plus high mouldability. However, one of its major constituents; Ordinary Portland Cement is reported to be expensive and unaffordable by most low-income earners. Its production contributes about 5%–8% of global CO2 greenhouse emissions. This is most likely to increase exponentially with the demand of Ordinary Portland Cement estimated to rise by 200%, reaching 6000 million tons/year by 2050.  Therefore, different countries are aiming at finding alternative sustainable construction materials that are more affordable and offer greener options reducing reliance on non-renewable sources. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the possibility of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash from co-generation in sugar factories as supplementary material in concrete. Physical and chemical properties of this sugarcane bagasse ash were obtained plus physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement. Cost-benefit analysis of concrete was also assessed. The study was carried using 63 concrete cubes of size 150cm3 with water absorption studied as per BS 1881-122; slump test to BS 1881-102; and compressive strength and density of concrete according to BS 1881-116. The cement binder was replaced with sugarcane bagasse ash 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by proportion of weight. Results showed the bulk density of sugarcane bagasse ash at 474.33kg/m3, the specific gravity of 1.81, and 65% of bagasse ash has a particle size of less than 0.28mm. Chemically, sugarcane bagasse ash contained SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 at 63.59%, 3.39%, and 5.66% respectively. A 10% replacement of cement gave optimum compressive strength of 26.17MPa. This 10% replacement demonstrated a cost saving of 5.65% compared with conventional concrete. 

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